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Table 1. Geothermal Resource Types Resource Type Convective hydrothermal resources Vapor dominated Hot-water dominated Other hydrothermal resources Sedimentary basin Geopressured Radiogenic Hot rock resources Solidified (hot dry rock) Part still molten (magma) Temperature Range ( ̊C) 240 ̊ 20 to 350 ̊+ 20 to 150 ̊ 90 to 200 ̊ 30 to 150 ̊ 90 to 650 ̊ >600 ̊ ter of each convection cell, an outflow zone or plume of heated water moving laterally away from the center of the system, and a downflow zone where recharge is taking place. Surface manifestations include hot springs, fumaroles, gey- sers, travertine deposits, chemically altered rocks, or some- times, no surface manifestations (a blind resource). Figure 2. Hot water dominated geothermal system. (White, et al., 1971) Sedimentary basins (Fig. 3) produce higher temperature resources than the surrounding formations due to their low thermal conductivity or high heat flow or both producing geothermal gradients >30 ̊C/km. These generally extend over large areas and are typical of the Madison Formation of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Wyoming area of the northern United States and the Pannonian Basin of cen- tral Europe where it has been used extensively in Hungary. Geopressured resources (Fig. 4) occur in basin environ- ments where deeply buried fluids contained in permeable sedimentary rocks are warmed in a normal or enhanced geo- thermal gradient by their great burial depth. The fluids are tightly confined by surrounding impermeable rock and bear Vapor dominated systems (Fig. 1) produce steam from boiling of deep, saline waters in low permeability rocks. These reservoirs are few in number, with The Geysers in northern California, Larderello in Italy and Matsukawa in Japan being ones where the steam is exploited to produce electric energy. Figure 1. Vapor dominated geothermal system. (White, et al., 1971) Water dominated systems (Fig.2) are produced by ground water circulating to depth and ascending from buoyancy in permeable reservoirs that are a uniform temperature over large volumes. There is typically an upflow zone at the cen- Figure 3. Sedimentary basin geothermal resource. (Anderson & Lund, 1979) 2 GHC BULLETIN, JUNE 2007PDF Image | CHARACTERISTICS, DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION GEOTHERMAL
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