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panded grid capacity, geothermal electricity could be sent from areas with good underground resources to those without. Another geothermal source is even closer at hand, only about ten feet (3 meters) below us, and already in use. This is heat absorbed from the sun, stored in the earth, and available via Geothermal Heat Pumps (GHPs)—a sometimes overlooked subset of the already overlooked geothermal field. GHPs can heat and cool homes and buildings (and even heat water), greatly lowering electricity costs virtually anywhere. Still another technology, Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), while still in early stages of research and development, has the potential to pro- vide electricity in a great diversity of environments. Geothermal Heat Pumps Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), a technology already developed and widely available across the United States, have the potential to become predominant in home heating and cooling. Rather than tapping into the earth‟s interior, GHPs rely on the fact “that the ground absorbs 47 percent of the sun's energy that reaches Earth . . . 500 times more than humankind needs every year” (Whittington). Like conventional heating and air conditioning, GHPs pump heat out of a house or building in hot months and draw heat in during cold months. For conventional systems, this requires hard work, and therefore uses a lot of electricity. Conventional technology battles natu- ral cycles, pumping heat outside on already hot days, or fighting exterior cold. GHPs, by con- trast, draw from the steady temperature about 10 feet (3 meters) below the earth, a little above 50 degrees F (10 degrees C). GHPs therefore require far less energy. And GHPs are liquid based, another advantage over conventional systems that do the difficult work of extracting heat from air (Sunteq). The energy for GHPs exists virtually anywhere on earth, even in cold climates; the technology has been used in Alaska, Canada and Greenland (Whittington). A GHP is a heat pump that moves heat into or out of a home depending on need. There are two basic GHP systems: closed loop and open loop. Open loop connects to an exterior source, such as a lake or well, taking advantage of its natural properties, efficiently transferring “energy to and from a steady stream of subterranean water” (Air Conditioning). Of course such a source is often unavailable, necessitating the use of closed loop systems, which recycle a liquid, often a refrigerant, into the earth and back. Closed loop are either horizontal, where land is available, or vertical, which saves space but costs more. Where space is limited, vertical loops can be used, ProQuest Discovery Guides http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/discoveryguides-main.php Goffman: Geothermal Energy The Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Plant in Iceland http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power 2 Released September 2009PDF Image | The k p method and its application to graphene, carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoribbons: the Dirac equation
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