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Annex B 11. Sweden Instruments Renewable heat policy CHP subsidy Energy taxes: biomass exemption Technology procurement District heating investment incentives Solar heating investment incentives Eco-energy municipality programme Tax deductions for biomass heating systems Carrot. Between 1981 and 1985, interest-free state loans were available to single family and multi- family dwellings in support of geothermal heat-pumps (GHPs). Direct reimbursement subsidies and income tax reductions were also offered in step with the total cost of installations (EGEC, 2006). Carrot. From 1991-1996 CHP subsidies were provided for investment in biomass-fired plants. In order to be eligible, the CHP plant was required to use at least 85% biomass for a period of five years for a total of €440 /kW (SEK89 4 000 /kW ). Existing heating plants that were retrofitted to CHP based on biomass ee were eligible for 25% of retrofit costs up to a maximum of €440 /kWe. Fossil fuel CHP plants that were converted to biomass were eligible to receive 25% of the conversion costs to a maximum of €440 /kWe. Funds for these subsidies were exhausted by 1994. An additional €49.5 M was allocated in 1998 for a five year period (Helby, 1998) with a maximum of €330 /kWe available per installation. Subsidies were limited to new plants and CHP plants that were retrofitted for biomass. Within one month of the beginning of the programme applications had been filed for more than 3 times the amount of funding available. Carrot. Substantial energy taxes have been employed since 1991. In addition, a carbon dioxide tax and a sulphur tax were introduced at this time to target environmental objectives. In the spring of 2000 €3.3 billion of tax revenue was transferred to focus on energy use over a ten year period. In other words, taxes on energy use and emissions were increased, offsetting a corresponding reduction in taxes on employment (Swedish Energy Agency, 2006). About €2.2 billion in revenue was collected in 2002 and €3 billion in 2003. The high CO2 taxes (around €100/t CO2 in 2006) had the most significant repercussions due to the exemption of bioenergy (see below) (Ericsson et al., 2004). For district heating systems, a full CO2 tax and 50% energy tax is employed on fossil fuels used for heat and in CHP plants (Johannson et al., 2002). To maintain competitiveness, Swedish industry was exempted from the energy tax in 1993 and the CO2 tax was reduced to 25% for the industrial sector. The Energy Taxation Exemption for Biomass when used in district heating created a cost competitive advantage for biomass since biomass-based heat can be produced at a much lower cost than heat from fossil fuels (Johannson et al., 2002). However, in industrial sectors that are not subject to the full CO2 tax, biomass based heat is not cost competitive with heat produced from coal and gas. 89. 1 Swedish krone (SEK) = €0.11 189 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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