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176 Biomass There were no field surveys on the utilization of biomass in Japan prior to 2001 (Tomita, 2007). As such, data on the growth of this important renewable heat resource is limited, and conclusions as to the success of Japanese policies in this regard can only be taken with relative levels of assurance. The thermal utilization of biomass in Japan increased from 27.2 PJ in 2002 to 32.6 PJ in 2003. The biomass resource has been reported as having a relatively high moisture content, which may account for its limited utilization for combustion. Under the original 1997 New Energy Law biomass did not qualify for public support. It was not until the 2002 revisions that biomass heat was able to receive funding from projects such as PLINE and the BNS so it is expected that the level of biomass use in Japan will increase. However, to meet 2010 targets will require the 2007 demand levels to more than double. Geothermal Japan is a country of significant geothermal resources being one of the most tectonically active countries in the world with more than 200 volcanoes. The direct use of geothermal hot water for natural baths has a long tradition (WEC, 2004) that has influenced the geothermal heat market. About 51% of total geothermal heat is used for space and domestic hot water supply77. In 1995, 319 MW of direct heat capacity had been installed increasing to 822 MW by 2004 and accounting for 10.3 PJ/yr (including 409 MW of direct use for bathing) (Lund et al. 2005). It is estimated that GHPs accounted for 13.3 MW of installed capacity in 2006, producing 67.8 TJ/yr of heat (NEF, 2007). Direct use of geothermal heated springs for hot water accounted for a total of 4.9 PJ of heat in the same year. Most of the incentives offered for renewable heat generation are not applicable to geothermal heat as it has not been defined as a ‘new energy’ under the 1997 New Energy Law. As such, geothermal heat has missed out on important support available to other technologies. However, proposals to include it in the definition may have important implications for the future. Conclusions Japan has relied on one overarching policy in its support of renewable technologies, the New Energy Law. This policy as it was first designed did not include biomass and geothermal heat. As such, these technologies have lacked public support. This is likely to change, however, as the definitions were amended in 2002 to include biomass, and the suggestion was made in 2007 to include geothermal heat. The structure of the New Energy law that included 3 carrot-based mechanisms also included guidance- based schemes. In order to reach targets set for 2010 under the Law on Special Measures for the Utilization of New Energy, the use of renewable heat in Japan must increase substantially. 77. The remaining geothermal heat is used for bathing (11%), greenhouse heating (13%), snow melting (12%), fish breeding (9%), air conditioning/cooling (2%) and industrial process heat (1%) (WEC, 2004).PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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