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were far below target. As such, an important opportunity to develop the solar thermal market in Italy has been missed, although the subsequent program, Il sole negli Enti Pubblici may enable the Italian solar thermal industry to recover this lost support. The Italian White Certificate Scheme indirectly promotes solar thermal installations by qualifying these technologies as eligible energy savings. The anticipation of the energy efficiency requirements may have stimulated the significant growth in the solar thermal market in 2005. Figure B16 Solar thermal heat production in Italy from 1990 till 2005 Heat generated (TJ) 1 000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Source: SHC, 2006. Where data was unavailable, numbers were extrapolated. Biomass Over 92% of renewable heat in Italy is from solid biomass, primarily wood, most of which is burned in domestic heaters (SHC, 2006). Biomass based district heating has grown since the late 1990s with 210 MW installed as of 2006 (European Biomass Association, 2006). Pellets, traditional firewood and gross agricultural residues are widely used. Although there is significant domestic pellet production of roughly 160 000 t/yr (increasing by 14-15% annually on average), annual production cannot satisfy growing demand for nearly 300 000 t/year. As such, Italy imports large quantities of pellets annually (European Biomass Association, 2006). Biomass heat has been supported since 1998 with the Financial Law 449/97 tax reduction scheme. Further tax credits were approved in 2000, although delayed to 2002 due to administrative complications. Capital contributions were first offered for biomass fuel in CHP plants in 2006 after approval in 2004. Additional support was included in the 2005 White Certificate Scheme with special qualifications for biomass CHP and district heating. Despite several incentive schemes intended for biomass heat in Italy, the growth of the market has been slow due to the lack of concrete, long-term measures in support. Geothermal Most geothermal resources in Italy are utilized in the production of electricity. In 2005 geothermal heat totalled 11.1 PJ (IEA, 2006d). Most geothermal heat is dedicated to low-temperature bathing (158.8 MW in 2005) and heat pumps (120 MW in 2005)71. The total capacity of direct-use, low- 71. Direct-use geothermal is also used in individual space heating, district heating, greenhouse heating, fish farming, and industrial process heat. 171PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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