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162 When MAP was first established, subsidies were not available for public municipalities. As most geothermal district heating companies in Germany are owned by municipalities no funding was allocated for the development of geothermal district heating systems through the MAP until 2005 when these conditions were clarified (EGEC, 2006). However, even then financing was only made available to plants completed in the same fiscal year of application. As the construction of geothermal plants often requires lengthy time-lags, the MAP has not offered significant support for geothermal heat (EGEC, 2006). Conclusions Most of the support to date for renewable heating in Germany has been in the form of carrot-based financial incentive schemes which have been successful in stimulating the development of renewable heat. Marketing campaigns for solar thermal contributed significantly to the development of this market. MAP subsidies for renewable heat successfully stimulated growth in solar thermal and small scale biomass heating markets with a total investment of €665.4 M in renewable heating projects. Support for geothermal heat through the MAP has remained minimal, primarily due to complications in the language and stipulations of eligibility. Most of the support for geothermal heat may be attributed to the precursory MSP programme. Funding from the MAP budget has been unreliable. In addition to criticism for inadequate communication of funding to potential investors; stipulations for mandatory co-financing for district heating plants from German states often disqualifying district heating systems; and the burden on the public budget; have led to discussions in the revision of support for renewable heat in Germany. Several innovative instruments are under consideration for a new Renewable Heating Law, possibly to be implemented in 2009: administrative ordinances to regulate the use of renewable energies; price regulations which set a minimum price for renewable energies; and quantity regulations which set the amount of renewable energy to be generated each year (Nast et al., 2007).PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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