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160 Plus programme, and the Home Grant Scheme also furthered solar thermal market growth, but the largest increase was seen after the 1999 implementation of the MAP and the initiation of information campaigns. Low interest loans available through the 2000 CO2 Reduction Programme were utilized only to a very limited extent (ESTIF, 2006a). Figure B11 Solar thermal heat generated in Germany from 1990 till 2006 Heat generated (TJ) 14 000 12 000 10 000 8 000 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Source: ESTIF, 2006c. Heat values were calculated based on capacity conversion factors for Germany as reported in SHC, 2007. Most of the funding available through the MAP was allocated to solar thermal, a contribution of public funding worth €588 M between 1999-2005, triggering a total investment of €4.7 billion for an average annual solar yield of 6.2 PJ (ZSW, 2007). Over 90% of the solar thermal installations in Germany have received financial incentives allocated through MAP (IEA, 2004). The stop-and-go funding available through the MAP has been criticized for the fluctuation in applications and solar thermal installations that resulted (Figure 36). The flux in installations may also have been due to a strongly increased feed-in tariff for solar PV systems in 2004, causing consumers to favour PV systems (ESTIF, 2006a). Amendments to the MAP in 2005 provided a higher incentive to larger, combination solar thermal systems and a lesser incentive to domestic hot water systems, causing the average system size to increase.63 Despite a reduction in MAP support in March 2006, consumers are continuing to invest heavily in solar thermal technology. Biomass About 94% of German renewable heat is biomass,64 with roughly half consumed in the residential sector (Figure B10). Currently, biomass generates over 302.0 PJ of heat (BMU, 2007). Most biomass heat comes from forest and wood processing residues. In addition, there is a strong tradition of residential woodstoves with approximately 7 M fireplaces and woodstoves installed in private households as of 2007, though they are not the main form of heating and used irregularly. Between 1990 and 2001 the production of biomass heat increased at a steady rate of 4% per year65 and began to grow substantially in 2002. Although support provided from the 1990 ERP Environment and Energy Saving Programme’s low interest loans was accompanied with some market stimulation, most of the market growth occurred with the introduction of MAP subsidies and Ecotaxes. The MAP 63. In early 2006, applications averaged 11.4 m2 per system collector area, up from 10.1 in 2005 and 9.7 in 2004 (ZSW, 2006). 64. Ninety-five percent of available solid biomass in Germany is used for heating purposes. 65. 9 000 pellet boilers less than 35 kW and 80 large CHP plants were installed between 1998 and 2001.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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