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between 2005 and 2009 with specific amounts depending on the type of technology installed53. For individual GHPs 40% is available, or 25% for connection to heat networks and CHP plants (EGEC, 2006). Tax credits available for solar and bioenergy technologies were increased from 40% to 50% in 2006. Solar thermal installations are granted a tax credit only after the project has been officially certified (French, European Solar-Keymark or equivalent) (ESTIF, 2006a; SHC, 2006). A maximum of €8 000 for individual applications and €16 000 for multiple-person dwelling applications has been established for renewable heat and/or energy efficiency projects. This tax credit scheme may be complemented by regional and local incentives. Carrot. In July 2005 Face Sud, or the South-Facing Buildings Programme was approved with targets for 200 000 units of domestic solar hot water systems and 50 000 solar roofs (including PV, thermal, and hybrid solar systems) This programme is in place until 2010 (SHC, 2006). Stick. In January 2006 a system of energy saving obligations and tradable white certificates was introduced under the White Energy Saving Certificate Scheme. Providers are required to initiate energy savings by their end consumers in proportion to their market quota (sales) in the residential and tertiary sectors. Certificates are issued when energy providers meet their required savings targets or they are fined for not meeting their mandated targets. A maximum price of €0.02/kWh was established for certificates. For 2006-2008, an energy saving target of 54 TWh (194.4 PJ) in final energy use was established. Targets were extended to an overall reduction of 2% by 2015 and 2.5% by 2030 of energy intensity with respect to present consumption levels. Renewable heat installations such as solar thermal systems qualify as eligible measures to meet energy conservation requirements. This is a relatively novel instrument for the promotion of renewable heat. Carrot. In July of 2006, the Engagement National sur le Logement, (Law on National Commitment on Accommodation) was published in the Official Journal, Number 163, of July 16th, 2006. It reduced the 152 VAT rate to 5.5% for subscriptions to district heating grids with a heat supply of at least 60% biomass, geothermal energy, waste and/or recovered energy. Compared with a normal VAT rate of 19.6%, this offers significant incentives for making renewable heat more cost competitive with conventional fuels. Regional governments have also played a significant role in French incentives for renewable heat. Evaluation The total demand for heat in France amounted to 26.9 PJ in 2004 (IEA, 2007a) with markets showing growth in recent years (Figure B7). About 80% of renewable heat generated in France is utilized in the domestic sector, 2% in community heating systems, and 18% by industry. Solar thermal The market for solar thermal was relatively static in the 1990s, but began to grow substantially in the early 21st century (Fig B8), with 134% increase in sales in 200554 55 and 81% in 2006. Market growth in 2005 of 85 MW (122 999 m2) increased the total to 640 MW (913 868 m2) (ESTIF, 2006a; REW, 2006). The 2000 Plan Soleil was accompanied with an installation of 250 000 m2 of solar glazed collectors, about 95% of which were on existing residences. The campaign and national training programme for solar hot water system installers, Qualisol, clearly contributed to increased awareness and market confidence. The plan’s 2006 target of 441 000 m2 was nearly reached, although may have also been influenced by the 2005 tax incentive scheme (SHC, 2006). 53. See www.industrie.gouv.fr/energie/developp/econo/textes/credit-impot-2005.htm. 54. In 2004 the market increased 36% with 78.5 MW (112,147 m2) of new installation bringing the total to 555 MW (792,500 m2). 55. 115.1 MW (164 389 m2) thermal of new solar thermal capacity was installed in the year 2005.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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