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Solar Heating Obligations in New Buildings Outside District Heating Areas was accompanied by an approximately 5% annual increase in solar thermal heating. Despite this increase, the instrument fell short of expectations as only moderate growth was witnessed in comparison with neighbouring European nations (BMU, 2006). Figure B5 Solar thermal heat production in Denmark from 1990 till 2005 Heat generated (TJ) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1990 1995 1996 1997 Source: IEA, 2006a. 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 148 Today, there is no available subsidy for solar thermal and the growth of solar thermal heat has levelled without the support of limited stick-based incentives (SHC, 2006). The importance of a package of incentives is thereby demonstrated with the increase in solar thermal heat resulting from the combination of carrot and stick-based schemes which plateaued with the removal of the subsidies. Biomass Consumption of biomass for energy production quadrupled between 1980 and 2004, increasing by 2.3% per year between 1990 and 2001 (Figure B4). It rose from 19 PJ in 1994 to 38.6 PJ by 2005. Biomass is used extensively for individual heat installations with an estimated 500 000 wood-burning stoves, 70 000 wood-burning boilers, 30 000 wood pellet furnaces, and 9 000 straw-burning furnaces across the nation in 2006 (DEA, 2006). Most biomass is surplus from agriculture, forestry, industry, and households (DEA, 2005). Woodchips and wood pellets are commonly used in small boilers, district heating systems, and CHP plants (IEA, 2004). The first public biogas and straw-burning plants began operation in 1988 (DEA, 2005). Straw has been used in district heating plants since the 1980s and in CHP plants since the 1990s. Denmark has been relatively novel in its support for biomass heat with the Biomass Agreement of 1993, one of the only support schemes requiring the purchase of renewables for heating supply. The liberalization of the electricity market and low electricity prices may have destabilized this agreement as only half of the targeted biomass volume utilized in central power plants by 2000. However, it is expected that targets will be achieved in 2007 (Meyer and Koefoed, 2003). Subsidies provided since the 1997 Act on the Utilisation of Renewable Energy Sources was accompanied with a noticeable increase in biomass heat generation capacity. Additionally, the 2004 incentive scheme offering a surcharge to consumers for bioenergy utilized in CHP plants may also have played an important role in the development of the biomass market.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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