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102 Heat generated (PJ) 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 Source: (MED, 2007; BANZ, 2007) since the 1930s including sawmills, pulp and paper mills, panel board manufacturers and log exporters. Forest products are now the third largest export earner. In addition to the forests, many farms in this agricultural economy have small plantations or shelter belts from which woody biomass is also sourced as a result of regular pruning regimes, felling of old trees etc. With the temperate climate providing very fast growth rates, there is consequently an abundance of woody biomass resource available from farm woodlots, forest arisings (remaining on the ground after stemwood extraction) and wood process residues such as bark, sawdust and off-cuts. In total, and without any government intervention, around 40PJ per year (Figure 52), or 8% of total primary energy demand, is supplied by biomass products (including black liquor). This market-led heat demand is in direct competition with relatively cheap electricity, coal and natural gas by international standards. The bioenergy market is focused mainly on heat production with approximately 96% of solid biomass used for generating heat by the forest industry, mainly on-site, and only 4% used for electricity generation in CHP plants. The timber sector accounts for most of the industrial process heat demand from biomass by combusting wood process residues on-site for heat applications such as the kiln drying of timber. Most of the biomass heat produced is used for industrial processing, but firewood, at over 8PJ per year, provided around one third of total domestic space heating in 2005. This data is uncertain as much of the firewood resource is scavenged from gardens and farms rather than sold commercially, but it is thought that the average household in New Zealand consumes somewhere between 4 GJ and 13 GJ of firewood annually for space and water heating (MED NZ, 2007). Figure 52 Annual heat production from woody biomass in New Zealand between 1995 and 2005 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Since coal and natural gas have been abundant and are relatively cheap sources of energy in New Zealand, few industries other than the forest sector have considered the use of biomass for heating. However as fossil fuel prices have risen and future gas supplies are now uncertain, there is growing interest in the woody biomass resource which is likely to double in the next one or two decades as more plantation forests reach maturity. Several manufacturers of industrial scale wood heating plants are based in New Zealand and forest harvesting contractors continue to devise novel ways for integrating the harvesting of both stemwood and the residual fuel wood component of a forest.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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