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More than half of the Chinese market for solar thermal heating is specifically for domestic hot water with space heating and crop drying37 accounting for the rest. Solar hot water accounted for 63% (26 M m2) of the total installation in 2002 rising to 69% of the 2005 75 M m2 total (Figure 51). Kunming in Yunnan Province is typical of the market penetration in China with around 30-40% of households having solar hot water systems. Located in the southwest of China, Yunnan has an excellent solar resource and lacks reliable conventional heat energy resources. The Province has around 150 solar thermal manufacturers which supply readily available, simple, cost-competitive systems for around €145 / unit (Xiao et al, 2004; Hua, 2005). Much of the solar thermal development in China has been in rural areas rather than the more urban areas. In Beijing for example, there is a notable lack of solar thermal market penetration because reliable, conventional, natural gas boilers dominate the market. The solar thermal market in cities is also inhibited by a lack of consumer confidence and problems integrating systems with pre-existing, densely-occupied apartment buildings (Hua, 2002). With the exception of some RD&D funding, the solar thermal market in China has developed with little, if any, official government support and no subsidies (Hua, 2002). In every Five Year Plan of the Chinese government, RD&D funding for solar thermal technologies has been addressed but the real aim is to increase the uptake of solar thermal due to the strong solar resource and the success of the domestic manufacturing industry (Hua, 2005). In the Tenth Five Year Plan of New and Sustainable Energy Sector Development 2005, the Chinese government set national targets for solar thermal of 230 M m2 by 2015 which, if achieved, would significantly increase the 2005 total (Hua, 2002). The 2005 Renewable Energy Law, passed by the National Peoples’ Congress, also directly supported these targets by requiring national solar resource assessment and inventories, and requiring new buildings to provide access for and integration of solar water heating systems under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Construction38 (Wallace, 2006; CRS, 2005). 101 The government also developed a set of standards for solar thermal installations including two general standards, four sector-wide standards, five product standards and five performance/test standards (Hua, 2002; Hua 2005). In order to increase product quality and boost consumer confidence, a “Gold Star” certification and labelling system has been implemented based on a pass/fail system similar to the Solar Keymark programme for Europe. The China Jianheng Certification Center envisions that the program will eventually expand to an energy labelling system (Wallace, 2006). In summary, China’s leadership in the solar thermal market is driven by consumer demand for water heating systems rather than by political incentives. An abundant solar resource, unreliable conventional heating options, changing population demographics, and a well-developed manufacturing industry have created the current market for reliable and cheap hot water for household and commercial applications. The solar thermal market has grown throughout the past two decades despite very limited government funding. International lending and development organizations continue to take an interest in China’s burgeoning solar thermal markets and could serve to further enhance the future development of the industry (Hua, 2002). Bioenergy in New Zealand The plantation forest estate of New Zealand (excluding the indigenous forests) covers around 1.6 Mha or 17% of total land area. To process the wood products a relatively large industry has developed 37. Deployment of low temperature solar dryers (below 70 ̊C) primarily used for agricultural purposes has begun. However in 2004 only approximately 15 000 m2 were in use. 38. Additional targets set by the Renewable Energy Law include an increase in primary energy from renewables target to 16% by 2020.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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