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88 fines for violations ranging from €6 000 to €60 000. The revised ordinance also established improved maintenance and architectural integration requirements and required swimming pool heating to be 100% solar (REN21, 2006). Monitoring and assessment has been carried out by the Barcelona Energy Agency (BEA) since 2003. In conjunction with its responsibilities, the BEA published a Guide to Solar Thermal Energy Facilities using simple language and graphics to explain the technical aspects of solar thermal as well as its benefits. Seville and Pamplona in 2002, and Madrid in 2003, followed Barcelona’s example. Pamplona’s solar ordinance entered into force in mid-2004 and caused a 50% regional increase in solar thermal collectors in one year (REN21, 2006). Twenty municipalities in Catalonia have adopted similar regulations which has increased the installed surface area of solar thermal collectors in the region by 20 000 m2 in 2003 and by a further 25 000 m2 in 2004. In addition, 22 Catalan municipalities and the Catalan Institute of Energy (ICAEN) set up a Solar Ordinance Support Centre, to pool experience and technical solutions for the use of local authorities who chose to implement similar policies. As of 2006, more than 70 municipalities and cities in Spain including Valencia and Burgos adopted similar ordinances. These municipal solar obligations will remain in force as long as they are stronger than the new national obligation included in the Spanish Technical Building Code (REN21, 2006). In March 2006 the government adopted a federal solar thermal ordinance or Technical Building Code (Código Técnico de la Edificación). It obliged owners of all new buildings and those undergoing renovation, to provide 30-70% of their domestic hot water demand by solar thermal energy. The code is applicable to all buildings, independent of their use. The specific percentage of heat requirement for a building depends on its geographic location and individual demand by the residents for hot water. This technical code was established under the Spanish Royal Decrees 314 and 315 of 17 March 2006 that also created a Council for Building Sustainability, Innovation and Quality (CSICE) responsible for ensuring compliance and participation (ESTIF, 2006b). Market growth As a result of the Barcelona Ordinance, around 40% of all new buildings supply their hot water from solar thermal panels. The capacity of installed solar thermal grew 15-fold in its first four years (Figure 41) from 1.1 m2 per 1 000 people in 2000 to 26.9 in 2006 as a result of 597 new installations. This had increased from 2004 when a total of 31 050 m2 of collector surface area provided 894 TJ (24.8 GWh) of heat (EC, 2006a). Most of the solar thermal market resulting from the Ordinance has been in the residential sector (Figure 42). The framework conditions in Spain were ideal for regulatory solar thermal ordinances since the booming housing and construction industry provided opportunity to place a solar thermal ordinance on new buildings. In countries with a slower building sector growth rate, the conditions for such an ordinance may not be so well suited and more emphasis could be placed on regulations for the refurbishment and replacement of heating systems in existing buildings. The growth of the entire Spanish solar thermal market (Figure 43) could be largely due to the strong regional support through the local obligations for installation. In addition, finance was made available at the federal level in the form of subsidies through the 1999 Plan for the Promotion of Renewable Energy and the 2005 Renewable Energy Plan for 2005-2010 (PER). Despite the increases in solar thermal heat demand, the growth of the Spanish market has been less than for Germany over the same time period, with an estimated approximate increase between 1995 and 2005 of 1.5 PJ in Spain and 8.0 PJ in Germany. However, the Spanish solar thermal obligation was only implemented nationally in late 2006, and prior to the Barcelona Solar Thermal Ordinance, per capita numbers of solar thermal capacity were exceptionally low, thus potentially inflating annual growth data.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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