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4.7 PJ of heat annually (GIA, 2006). The key achievement of the Swiss policies relating to geothermal heat has been in the significant growth of the GHP market (Figure 40). In addition there is a trend towards increased utilization of larger geothermal systems for heating and cooling (GIA, 2006). Figure 40 Heat generated by geothermal heat pumps in Switzerland from 1900 to 2004 PJ 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1990 1992 Ground coupled heat pumps Ground water heat pumps Total Adapted from Signorelli et al., 2004 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Roughly 25% of the heat pump sales in Switzerland have gone towards renovation. There is no geothermal electricity production in Switzerland at present. In summary The 1991 Energy 2000 Action Plan, and its successor SwissEnergy programme have helped grow the geothermal heat pump market in Switzerland (Figure 40). In addition to external influencing factors, such as increasing costs of electricity and heating oil, the combination of financial support, voluntary measures, and marketing campaigns through the Swiss Heat Pump Promotion Group created a solid framework for growth of the market. Energy contracting by Swiss public utilities is an additional success factor whereby utilities plan, install, operate and maintain the heat pump systems, then sell the heat to the property owner at a contracted price per unit (€/kWh or €/GJ). Sticks (Table 7) Solar thermal: Spanish regulations The Barcelona Solar Thermal Ordinance was implemented in August 2000. It requires that at least 60% of hot water demand is met from solar thermal energy in all new buildings or buildings undergoing major renovation. The objective is for 100 000 m2 of solar thermal collector surface area to be installed by 2010 (EC, 2006a). It is a requirement that the best available solar thermal technology is used and compliance must be verified with measured data. Exemptions are considered where it is not possible to meet the entire 60% of hot water demand. The Ordinance was originally only applicable to new and renovated buildings above a specific size category (greater than 292 MJ/day of hot water energy consumption). In early 2006 Barcelona approved an amended ordinance eliminating the minimum energy requirements and setting explicit 87PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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