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41 2. Methodology 42 The design of the implementation of a heat power recovery system in a vehicle is complex due to numerous 43 restrictions (maximum pressure ratio in the expander, condensation temperature, minimum temperature difference 44 between hot and cold source, etc) or goals (reduction of fuel consumption, maximum output power, space limitations, 45 etc) that must be considered. Sometimes the selection of the waste heat sources in a bottoming cycle for a vehicle 46 constitutes the key part of the design process. Two important criteria are associated with this selection: the power 47 output and the space requirements of the cycle. The more wasted heat to recover, the higher the power output and 48 heat exchanger volume. Once the waste heat sources are selected, the design calculations are essentially a series of 49 iterative calculations made on the preliminary design until a satisfactory solution is achieved. In these calculations, 50 different working fluids, the effect of the different irreversibilities and other additional restrictions are considered in 51 order to define a preliminary design of the heat recovery system. 52 In this section, a methodology is proposed in order to simplify the process of the selection of the best configuration 53 of a bottoming cycle by taking into account different initial limitations and goals. The proposed methodology consists 54 of the following steps, also shown in Figure 1: 55 1. 56 57 58 2. 59 60 3. 61 62 63 64 65 66 4. 67 68 5. 69 70 71 72 73 6. 74 Specification of the problem. In this first step, the goals and limits of the bottoming cycle are fixed. The goals must be satisfied by all the steps followed in the methodology. The limits must be imposed in the cycle in order to obtain the cycle output power. Evaluation of all the waste heat sources, in order to identify the sources with higher heat power level and better recoverability, using energetic and exergetic studies. Selection of the waste heat sources. The most suitable heat sources are selected depending on their exergetic qualities, in order to use the best heat sources in the next studies. In this step, the available heat power in the selected sources must be higher than the minimum power output objective. If the total waste heat power is less than this requirement, the design problem has no solution. However, fewer heat sources used in the process imply more compact heat exchangers in the cycle, a less complex control of the cycle and it can produce a higher efficiency. Selection of the working fluid. Several working fluids commonly used in bottoming cycles are considered in order to define those which produce the maximum cycle output power in the following step. Calculation with the ideal cycle assumption. The working fluid selected and the limits detailed in the first step are imposed in order to evaluate the ideal configuration for each operating point. Isentropic compression and expansion processes and zero pressure drops in tubes are imposed in this ideal study. If the power output obtained in the solution does not satisfy the power specification, the working fluid and/or heat sources selected will have to be reconsidered. If not, the design problem has no solution. Sizing of heat exchangers. The size of the heat exchanger in the optimum ideal cycle configuration is calculated through the heat transfer needed, the pressure drop allowed and the minimum temperature difference between 3PDF Image | Methodology to design a bottoming Rankine cycle
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