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10 A large number of solutions have been proposed to generate electricity from low temperature waste heat sources 11 and are now applied to such diversified fields as solar thermal power, geothermal, biomass and industrial waste heat. 12 Among the proposed solutions, the implementation of a bottoming cycle currently is one of the most studied options 13 [6, 7]. Among the different solutions, Rankine Cycle (RC), Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), Stirling cycle (SC) and the 14 Brayton Cycle (BC) can be analyzed in order to find the one generating the largest power. The RC and ORC solution 15 is considered by Bianchi et al. [8] as the more profitable configuration for converting the low-grade power into the 16 higher output power. Many theoretical investigations have been performed in order to design the optimum cycle 17 (working fluid, evaporator and condenser pressure, superheating temperature, choise of the expander, etc.) taking into 18 account the heat source characteristics [9–15]. 19 One of the largest sources of waste energy is the internal combustion (IC) engine used in different vehicles (naval 20 ship, railway, automotive, etc) as shown in the Eurostat publication in 2011 [16]. The IC engine converts approxi- 21 mately one third of the combustion power into mechanical power. The remaining power is distributed to different heat 22 exchangers or is directly released to the ambient (exhaust gases). As a result, an IC presents various waste heat sources 23 with a wide range of temperature and exergy levels [17–19]. Additionally, the waste heat sources vary considerably 24 depending on the engine operating point [20]. Therefore, the preliminary design of the optimal solution is usually 25 not an easy task [21, 22]. Therefore, the published articles on this topic focus on different factors about this complex 26 problem. In this paper, the problem of designing a bottoming cycle to recover the energy of waste heat sources in an 27 IC engine is addressed generally. Consequently, this work considers all these partial issues studied in other articles as 28 parts, integrating them in a general methodology and considering the influence of these partial topics in the obtained 29 final result. 30 The methodology discussed in this paper is a comprehensive theoretical study for simplifying the complex problem 31 of the waste heat source recovery system in vehicles. This methodology implies the evaluation of all the heat sources 32 at each operating points and selection of the waste heat sources. It then applies an iterative-parametric optimization 33 procedure in order to calculate the optimum working fluid and cycle conditions based on the maximum power output 34 cycle for each operating points taking into account various restrictions as space requirements limitations, maximum 35 expansion ratio etc,. The methodology is also applied to a bottoming cycle for a Heavy Duty Diesel (HDD) engine with 36 a two-stage turbocharging system, from which experimental data are available. The resulting power balance was used 37 to propose an optimal configuration for the most frequent combinations of speed and load engine conditions (operating 38 engine points) [23]. The goal of this paper is to develop a general theoretical methodology in order to evaluate the 39 maximum power and sizing of the system (energetic and technical feasibility) of the different configurations and show 40 valuable results for the remaining problem of the waste heat power recovery in IC engines. 2PDF Image | Methodology to design a bottoming Rankine cycle
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