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D APPENDIX D: TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY RECOVERY Tcold Thot Tcold Thot Thermostrictive Piezoelectric Figure D.9: Thermoelectric laminate. Table D.1: Daily Efficiency Comparison of a solar cell and compound Thermoelectric laminate. Note: Daily efficiency calculated based on 8 hours of sunlight. How Thermostrictive Materials Work Thermostrictive materials such as Gd5Ge2Si2 undergo a phase transition, which coverts thermal energy into strain energy. Materials such as Gd5Ge2Si2 involve a coupled magnetic and structural phase transition that occurs near room temperature (260 K). The phase transition can be induced by a change in magnetic field, which represents a volume magnetostriction, or by a change in temperature. Large strains are produced over the narrow range in temperature as shown in Figure D.10 for a bulk material, or with magnetic field as shown in Figure D.11 for a single crystal. The induced strain values are similar for both the magnetostrictive and thermostrictive aspects of the transition. It is also possible to modify the location of the thermostrictive transition by altering the chemical composition and by the application of magnetic fields. The huge Seebeck coefficient of 1800 V/K in the Gd5Ge2Si2/PZT laminate has its origin in the very large (1%) strain observed in the thermostrictive material over a very narrow temperature range of 10 K. At all temperatures outside of the phase transition region, the Seebeck coefficient would be zero. 1000 0 -1000 -2000 -3000 -4000 -5000 -6000 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 o Temperature C( ) Figure D.10: Thermally induced strain. 117 Efficiency Actual Daily Efficiency Solar Cell ~8-30% ~3-10% Compound Thermoelectric (Estimate for Gd5Ge2Si2/PZT) ~36% ~36% // Strain Cooling Heating o ~ 8 C Hysteresis Material strains ~0.6% over a temperature range of 8oC Thermostrictive Piezoelectric Strain (ppm)PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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