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A APPENDIX A: UTILIZATION OF CO2 H2 is produced by steam reforming of saturated hydrocarbons, especially natural gas or methane on supported Ni catalyst at 1170K. CH4 + 2H2O = 4H2 + CO2 CO+H2O=H2 +CO2 CH4 +H2O=3H2 +CO 165 kJ/mol -41kJ/mol 206kJ/mol Hydrogen can also be produced by the CO2 reforming of methane, using Ni-Ce2O3-Pt catalyst with Rh addition [30]: CH4 + CO2 = 2H2 + 2CO 248 kJ/mol By using available process heat for flue gases containing both CH4 and CO2, fuel can be produced for feeding to a SOFC or MCFC, thus converting two GHGs to useful product: methane. Steam reforming gives a product with a higher H2:CO, which inhibits HC chain growth, and enhances methanation reaction. Hence CO2 reforming also leads to lower concentration of CH4, resulting in high purity syn gas, which is a building block for various chemicals such as methanol, ethanol, ethylene, acetic acid, formaldehyde, phosgene, and acetone. By using a H2 permeable membrane, the conversion of CH4 can be increased to 95%, much higher than the equilibrium conversion of 40%. H2 removal also prevents the reverse water gas shift reaction, thus increasing H2 selectivity to 99%. Plasma can be used to overcome the energy barrier for the endothermic CO2 reforming of methane. The CALCOR process is an example of a commercial application of CO2 reforming. It consists of a multi-stage process of reacting dry CO2 with natural gas, LPG, and syngas to produce high-purity CO (syn gas) that contains < 0.1% methane. By using a combination of partial oxidation and CO2 reforming of methane, the exothermicity of CH4 partial oxidation is compensated for by the endothermicity of reforming reactions, and the H2/(CO+CO2) ratio lowered to 2, which is desired for methanol and Fisher-Tropsch synthesis. In instances where methanol is the preferred fuel of choice (such as a laptop), the hydro genation of CO2 and CO to provide methanol could be viable, especially of process integration allows capture of the evolved heat for hydrogen generation. CO2 + 3H2 = CH3OH (l) + H2O (l) delta H 298K = -131 kJ/mol CO + 2H2 = CH3OH (l) delta H = -128 kJ/mol Reforming of natural gas, followed by hydrogenation of mixtures of CO and CO2 to methanol on various transition element catalysts is one of the most important processes in petrochemical industry. 87PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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