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A APPENDIX A: UTILIZATION OF CO2 Production of Fuels from CO2 by Chemical Reactions CO2 mitigation and fuel production deals with utilizing fossil fuels, coal, oil, and gas with reduced CO2 emissions. In the chemicals industry, there is a capacity mismatch between gross CO2 emission from some industries and the need for CO2 in the smaller chemical products market. The Carnol process catalytically reacts CO2 from coal-fired plants with hydrogen produced from the thermal decomposition of methane to produce methanol and higher oxygenated fuels. Using fuel cell engines reduce CO2 emissions 80% compared to using conventional coal-fired power generating plants and gasoline-driven IC engines. Availability of methane in the flue gas decreases the energy needs further. Integrating CO2 recovery by absorption/stripping with the exothermic reaction of CH4 and H2 reduces the power needs further. Converting CO2 from power plant flue gases to biomass reduces the total emissions to the same degree as the Carnol process. Reducing CO2 to useful compounds such as fuels and chemical intermediates involves several steps of electron and proton transfer. In the absence of an external energy source (electrochemical, photochemical, or radiation induced), CO2 may be activated by reduced compounds such as hydrocarbons in the reforming reaction or by molecular hydrogen in the hydrogenation reaction. Catalysts are required to reduce the activation energy [25]. In order to reduce CO2 to obtain new products, large amounts of additional energy, especially expensive hydrogen, is needed. H2 for CO2 hydrogenation can be replaced by a mixture of CH4 + H2O over a nickel-based catalyst. This reaction is a major pathway to producing ethylene, propylene, methanol, ethanol, and high-quality gaseous and liquid fuels such as substituted natural gas and high-octane gasoline. These CO2 conversion routes may lead to new energy usage cycles. Biomass is produced through a reaction of CO2 with water to produce plants and organisms. Biomass can be burned as fuel, or converted to hydrogen-rich fuel, regenerating CO2, which is emitted to atmosphere. For a process using biomass, there is no net change in CO2 emission. However, using biomass as an energy source is more expensive than fossil fuels. Co-processing biomass and natural gas for conversion to liquid and gaseous fuels can increase yields and economics of conversion of biomass and reduce CO2 emissions. Converting agricultural crops to ethanol by a fermentation process has gained usage as motor fuel [25]. Co-firing fossil fuel with biomass and conversion of biomass to liquid fuel can reduce CO2 emission. The Carnol process was developed to remove CO2 from power plant flue gas, and to utilize CO2 to produce alternative fuel. H2 is generated by thermal cracking of methane and sequestering the carbon. The CO2 is captured from power plant stack flue gas. The CO2 and H2 are catalytically combined to form methanol. Since this is exothermic, the heat from this reaction is used to capture CO2. 86PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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