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3 OPPORTUNITIES-BARRIERS-PATHWAYS FOR RECOVERY The Plasma Enhanced Melter (PEM) developed by Integrated Environmental Technologies uses heating from plasma in a gasification system to convert wastes including industrial, municipal, and tires to valuable products such as roofing tiles, insulating panels and a hydrogen-rich gas to generate power by using fuel cells. These can be used in small units to process 4 tons of waste per day and generate 1-5 MW power in addition to the power to run the PEM system. Close integration of this process with an electricity-intensive process such as the chlor-alkali process has high potential. As discussed earlier, CO can be used as fuel in MCFC and SOFC. However, it is poisonous to the PEM Pt electrode catalyst. In order to use hydrocarbons as fuel, after steam reforming, the CO has to be removed using water gas shift or preferential oxidation. Kim et al. [22] developed a method to extract energy from CO at room temperature using a reactor membrane made of gold nanotubes, which catalyze CO oxidation. The electrons extracted from CO are captured by polyoxometalates, which are then pumped to the fuel cell anode. While further development needs to be done, this offers a potential to capture energy from CO, which is one of the components of biogas. The DOW Corporation petrochemical plant in Freeport, Texas, produces hydrogen byproduct, which will be fed to a PEM fuel cell system to be produced by GM. The PEM system will consist of 75-kW fuel cell stacks, with groups of 14 mounted on a trailer to give up to 1 MW power. Thirty-five trailers will be grouped to provide a total of 35 MW of power. Methane is a byproduct in several industrial processes. Because of its inert nature, its oxidation requires a high temperature. Using a catalyst can lower this temperature considerably. Choudhary et al. [23] reviewed the various options for catalytic combustion of methane for use in gas turbines to generate power with reduced NOx emission. Noble metal-based catalysts were very active, but had poor stability and were expensive. Perovskite-type metal oxides catalysts suffered from sintering and structure collapse, along with solid state reactions with the support. Further development is needed before low-temperature oxidation of CH4 is viable for use in gas turbines. Ford has developed a technology to capture energy from paint. Spray booth exhaust is directed to a concentrator and then to a regenerative thermal oxidizer. In an alternate system (“fumes to fuel”), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the painting process are concentrated in a fluidized bed. In the second stage, the VOCs are converted to hydrogen in a reformer, while in the second stage, the hydrogen is fed to a solid oxide fuel cell to generate electricity. This can be used to convert VOCs from various industries to a hydrogen-rich gas stream. Process Integration and Optimization to Redeploy Emissions A major portion of emissions from the various sectors is due to fossil fuel combustion, which is used to supply process heat. While capturing the energy content of emissions is expected to reduce fuel usage, and thus the emissions, better thermal management through efficient heat transfer would reduce the heat load for the process, as has been 70PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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