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3 OPPORTUNITIES-BARRIERS-PATHWAYS FOR RECOVERY The emerging solution to recovering chemical emissions with residual fuel value is fuel cells. Fuel cells are solid-state devices that function like continuous operating batteries, where the energy is continually renewed with chemical energy. Fuel cells generally fit into two broad categories: solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Even though these technologies have existed for some decades, they appear to be at the beginning in their commercialization life-cycle. The primary barrier to widespread application of fuel cells is the capital cost, which is projected to drop significantly in coming years. The SOFCs have some advantage over the PEM fuel cell in that they can tolerate a wider array of contaminants in their feed stock without fouling and failing over the long-term. However, all fuel cells must have controlled operating conditions with controlled chemical feedstock. The diverse and contaminated fuel feedstock of industrial emissions may prove to be a challenging feedstock. The nature of the chemical emissions from U.S. industry is distributed, which makes it difficult to focus recovery technologies. Chemical emissions appear to be dilute and distributed, and often occur with other emissions that have little or no residual fuel value (mainly carbon dioxide). Separating and concentrating the emissions so they are suitable for reuse is a major barrier to capitalizing on this opportunity. Economic recovery of these chemical emissions may be predicated on robust separation and reformation technologies. However, even as these challenges prevail, several examples of chemical emission recoveries are apparent. Examples of Chemical Emission Recovery Projects This section describes the various technologies to capture the energy content of these chemical emissions. These are example applications that were identified while surveying the technical literature. These applications will be discussed briefly. Original references provide greater detail. Biogas is rich in CH4 and CO2, and is obtained from animal/human waste or crop residues and landfills. Gasification of biomass also leads to production of biogas. After chemical treatment to remove sulfur and particulates, biogas can be used in fuel cells. The biogas can be fed to a MCFC or SOFC, with the exhaust from the fuel cell expanded in a gas turbine and then cooled in a heat recovery steam generator. Fuel Cell Energy recently showed that a coal gasifier can be used as a “reformer” for a MCFC. Bove et al [21] reviewed the status of this field, and presented some experimental results for biogas as fuel for MCFC. For fuel utilization of 80%, the current density was 0.12 A/cm2, with a power density of 0.1 W/cm2. Pure Energy Corporation has developed a process to recover up to 90% of municipal solid waste (MSW). It can be used to process as much as 23 tons of MSW in each batch, converting MSW to sterilized organic (biomass) and inorganic materials such as ethanol and high-value chemicals. This process may also be used to process industrial landfill wastes. 69PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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