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Chapter 3: Experimental setups between 45 and 50%. Such low performance was due to excessive internal leakages, which is characteristic to this type of expander. For some applications, such as micro-combined heat and power (CHP), it would be more convenient to have an expander producing directly electrical power, instead of mechanical power. This justifies the interest for better characterizing the performance of a hermetic scroll expander. Such machine is expected to show better volumetric performance than kinematically rigid expanders since the gap between scrolls is smaller and filled by oil. They also show the advantage of being perfectly tight. Only a few scientific works on this type of machine were found in the open literature. (Zanelli & Favrat, 1994) tested a prototype of hermetic scroll expander-generator fed with refrigerant HFC-134a. The maximal achieved isentropic effectiveness was 65% and the power produced by the machine ranged from 1.0 to 3.5 kW. Within its prototype of hybrid solar thermal power, (E. H. Kane, 2002) tested hermetic scroll expanders and obtained an effectiveness of ranging between 50 and 68% depending on the pressure ratio. More recently, (H. Wang, Peterson, et al., 2009) measured the performance of a compliant scroll expander derived from an existing compressor and characterized by a displacement of 6.5 cm3 and a built-in volume ratio of 2.5. The machine was tested in a gas cycle with HFC-134a for different pressure ratios (2.65 to 4.84) and rotational speeds (2005 to 3670 rpm). Their prototype of expander allowed for a control of the sealing pressure, by pressurizing the chamber atop the fixed scroll. They also showed that the scroll sealing pressure was a critical parameter to maximize the expander performance. Maximum mechanical isentropic effectiveness reached 77%. Maximum shaft work was around 1 kW. They observed that the impact of the rotational speed and pressure ratio was limited. This chapter aims at contributing to the characterization of small-scale ORC units working with scroll expanders. To that end, the experimental results relative to two different test benches are described. The first one is a prototype of small-scale organic Rankine cycle using an oil-free scroll expander and tested with two different refrigerants, namely HCFC-123 and HFC-245fa. The second test bench was built with the objective of testing a hermetic lubricated scroll expander in order to compare its performance with the oil-free expander. The evolution of the performance with main operating parameters is also presented. Among others, the impact of the quantity of lubricating oil is investigated. 2 ORC test bench 2.1 Description The experimental study was carried out on a prototype of ORC working with HCFC-123. A schematic representation of the first version of the test bench is provided in Figure 9. The scroll expander was originally an oil-free open-drive scroll compressor, adapted to operate in reverse. It drives an asynchronous 3PDF Image | Sustainable Energy Conversion Through the Use of Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Applications.
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