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Chapter 3: Experimental setups 2010) studied the coupling of an ORC unit with a biomass boiler for combined heat and power (CHP) applications. They built a test rig and obtained a net ORC efficiency of 1.34%. (R. B. Peterson et al., 2008) evaluated the performance of a micro-scale ORC (about 250 W output power) working with HCFC-123. A maximum efficiency of 7.8% was obtained. (Pei et al., 2011) tested a 1.3 kW ORC with HCFC-123 and a reaction radial inflow turbine as expansion device. They reached a cycle efficiency of 6.8% with an evaporating temperature of about 100°C and a condensing temperature close to 30°C. Experimental studies of small scale ORC units demonstrated that the scroll expander is a good candidate for small scale power generation, because of its reduced number of moving parts, reliability, wide output power range, and broad availability (Zanelli & Favrat, 1994). Until now, mainly open-drive scroll expanders have been investigated. (Yanagisawa et al., 2001) carried out an experimental study on an oil-free scroll-type air expander. Measured performance was analyzed by comparison with the prediction of an analytical model of the expander. They observed that the performance is lowered greatly by the mechanical losses accompanying the orbiting motion. Leakage losses become significant as the rotational speed decreases. Mechanical losses result from 1) the main bearing and the auxiliary crank mechanisms that support the revolving motion of the orbiting scroll; 2) friction between the orbiting and the fixed scrolls. They observed that the mechanical loss torque is neither a function of the suction pressure nor of the rotational speed. Volumetric effectiveness of 76% and isentropic effectiveness of 60% were achieved under condition of suction pressure 6.5 bar gauge and rotational speed of 2500 rpm. (Manzagol et al., 2002) studied a cryogenic scroll expander used for a 10 L/h helium liquefier. The expander was tested on a Brayton cycle refrigerator and reached an isentropic effectiveness of 50 to 60% for inlet gas conditions of 35K and 7.0 bar. (Xiaojun et al., 2010) investigated the possibility to recover work in a fuel cell by means of a scroll expander. The expander was numerically simulated and a prototype of the expander was tested. It was shown that the leakages strongly impact on the volumetric performance of the machine. (Aoun & Clodic, 2008) carried out an experimental investigation on an oil-free scroll type vapor expander. Original gasket was replaced by a hand-made polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) gasket, more adapted for high temperature applications (about 190°C) and showing lubricating properties. Maximal isentropic effectiveness was 48% at rotation speed of 2000 rpm and pressure ratio of 3.8. In his experimental study, (R. B. Peterson et al., 2008) tested a kinematically rigid scroll expander with a displacement of 12 cm3 and a built-in volume ratio of 4.57. The expander was fed in oil by means of an external gear pump coupled to a centrifugal oil separator at the outlet of the expander. They showed that the critical component, in terms of impact on the system efficiency, was the expander, with a measured isentropic effectiveness ranging 2PDF Image | Sustainable Energy Conversion Through the Use of Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Applications.
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