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Chapter 2: The Organic Rankine Cycle ➢ Chemical stability: no working fluid deterioration in case of hot spot in the evaporator ➢ Low viscosity: lower friction losses, higher heat exchange coefficients However, steam cycles are generally not fully tight: water is lost as a result of leaks, drainage or boiler blow down. Therefore, a water-treatment system must be integrated to the power plant to feed the cycle with high-purity deionised water. Turbine design. In steam cycles, the pressure ratio and the enthalpy drop on the turbine are both very high. This involves using turbines with several expansion stages. In ORC cycles the enthalpy drop is much lower, and single or two-stage turbines are usually used, which reduces their cost. Additional effects of the low enthalpy drop include lower rotating speeds and lower tip speed. The lower rotating speed allows direct drive of the electric generator without reduction gear (this is especially advantageous for low power-range plants), while the low tip speed decreases the stress on the turbine blade and makes their design easier. Efficiency. The efficiency of current high temperature Organic Rankine Cycles does not exceed 24%. Typical steam Rankine cycles show a thermal efficiency higher than 30%, but with a more complex cycle design (in terms of number of components or size). The same trend is stated for low temperature heat sources: steam Rankine cycles remain more efficient than ORC cycles. The advantages of each technology are summarized in Table 2. Advantages of the ORC No superheating Lower turbine inlet temperature Compactness (higher fluid density) Lower evaporating pressure Higher condensing pressure No water-treatment system Turbine design Low temperature heat recovery Advantages of the steam cycle Fluid characteristics High efficiency Pump consumption Table 2: Advantages and drawbacks of each technology As a consequence, the ORC cycle is more profitable in the low to medium power range (typically less than a few MWe), since small-scale power plants cannot afford an on-site operator, and require simple and easy to manufacture components and design. For high power ranges, the steam cycle is generally preferred, except for low temperature heat sources. 11PDF Image | Sustainable Energy Conversion Through the Use of Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Applications.
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