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Chapter 2: The Organic Rankine Cycle Low temperature heat recovery. Due to the lower boiling point of the organic working fluids, heat can be recovered at a much lower temperature. This allows for, among others, power generation from geothermal heat sources. Components size. The size of the components is very dependent on the volume flow rate of the working fluid because pressure drops increase with the square of the fluid velocity. This leads to the necessity of increasing the heat exchangers hydraulic diameter and the pipe diameter to reduce this velocity. The turbine size is roughly proportional to the volume flow rate. Turbine inlet temperature. In steam Rankine cycles, due to the superheating constraint, a temperature higher than 450°C is required at the turbine inlet to avoid droplets formation during the expansion. This leads to higher thermal stresses in the boiler and on the turbine blades and to higher cost. Pump consumption. Pump consumption is proportional to the liquid volume flow rate and to the pressure difference between outlet and inlet. It can be evaluated by the Back Work Ratio (BWR), which is defined as the pump consumption divided by the turbine output power. In a steam Rankine cycle, the water flow rate is relatively low and the BWR is typically 0.4%. For a high temperature ORC using toluene, typical value is 2 to 3%. For a low temperature ORC using HFC-134a, values higher than 10% can be stated. Generally speaking, the lower the critical temperature, the higher the BWR. High pressure. In a steam cycle, pressures of about 60 to 70 bar and thermal stresses increase the complexity and the cost of the steam boiler. In an ORC, pressure generally does not exceed 30 bar. Moreover, the working fluid is not evaporated directly at the heat source (e.g. a biomass burner) but by the intermediary of a heat transfer loop. This makes the heat recovery easier since thermal oil is at ambient pressure, and avoids the necessity of an on-site steam boiler operator. Condensing pressure. In order to avoid air infiltrations in the cycle, high condensing pressures are advisable. It is not the case for water, whose condensing pressure is generally lower than 100 mbar absolute. Low temperature organic fluids such as HFC-245fa, HCFC-123 or HFC-134a meet this requirement since they condense at a pressure higher than the atmospheric pressure. However, fluids with a higher critical temperature such as hexane or toluene are subatmospheric at ambient temperature. Fluid characteristics. Water as working fluid is very convenient compared to organic fluids. Its main assets are: ➢ Cost-effectiveness and availability ➢ Non-toxicity ➢ Non-flammability ➢ Environment friendly: low Global Warming Potential (GWP), null Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP). 10PDF Image | Sustainable Energy Conversion Through the Use of Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Applications.
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