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Chapter 2: The Organic Rankine Cycle geothermal plants and by WHR plants. It should however be noted that the first application in terms of installed power is geothermy (Enertime, 2011). The layout of the Organic Rankine Cycle is somewhat simpler than that of the steam Rankine cycle: there is no water-steam drum connected to the boiler, and one single heat exchanger can be used to perform the three evaporation phases: preheating, vaporization and superheating. The variations on the cycle architecture are also more limited: reheating and turbine bleeding are generally not suitable for the ORC cycle, but a recuperator can be installed as a liquid preheater between the pump outlet and the expander outlet, as illustrated in Figure 1. The basic cycle is very similar to the traditional steam cycle: the organic working fluid is successively pumped, vaporized, expanded and then condensed. The cycle with recuperator takes profit of the residual heat after the expansion to preheat the liquid after the pump. This operation allows reducing the amount of heat needed to vaporize the fluid in the evaporator. 2 Applications 2.1 Biomass combined heat and power Biomass is widely available in a number of agricultural or industrial processes such as wood industry or agricultural waste. It is best used locally for two main reasons : (1) the energy density of biomass is low compared to that of fossil fuels, which increases transportation costs; (2) heat and electricity demand are usually available on-site, which makes a biomass plant particularly suitable in the case of off-grid or unreliable grid connection. Local generation leads to smaller scale power plants (<1-2 MWe) which excludes traditional steam cycles that are not cost-effective in this power range. The working principle of such a cogeneration system is described in Figure 2 and Figure 3: heat from the combustion is transferred from the flue gases to Figure 1: Working principle of an ORC cycle with (right) and without (left) recuperator 2PDF Image | Sustainable Energy Conversion Through the Use of Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Applications.
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