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much as electricity than wet cooling towers. Due to the need for many times higher heat exchange surface and the large volume of air that has to be moved through them, dry type cooling towers are the most expensive option. The external surfaces of the finned tubes on air- cooled condensers are very prone to fouling from pollen, dust, insects, leaves, plastic bags, bird carcasses, etc. Not only is the air flow affected but also the heat transfer coefficient, the deterioration in performance increasing unit operating costs. However, in cases of lack of water, strict local water use regulations, extremely low ambient temperatures during winter which cause water droplets from wet type cooling towers to freeze onto nearby vegetation, dry type cooling towers may be the only available option. Over the past 30 years there has been a growing and competing demand for water for both domestic and industrial use and this has brought an increased interest in the use of air as a cooling medium in place of water. Unfortunately, ORC power plants equipped with air cooled condensers reach a higher power output at night, when demand for electricity is lower. Figure 41 Net power output vs. Heat exchanger area trend for cooling tower and water cooled condensers Hence, cooling with surface water yields the lowest condensing pressure and temperature and the highest conversion efficiency and net power output, followed by wet cooling towers, and then by dry cooling towers. Figure 41 shows the total heat exchange surface as a function of the net power output. This curve shows the same trends as those discussed earlier. The trend is relatively linear to start with, then diverges showing the need of more heat exchanger area 69PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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