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4.3.1 Condensers types 4.3.1.1 Water vs. air cooled In nature, available cooling fluids are either water (from sea, lakes, rivers, or subsurface) or air. In terms of heat transfer, water has more favourable properties than air, as follows: Water has over 4 times higher specific heat than ambient air. Water is 830 times denser than air. Water has a volumetric heat capacity approximately 3450 times that of ambient air. This implies that in order to have the same heat transfer effect, 3450 more volume of air has to be moved than in the case of water, resulting in the need for bulky and expensive equipment for air-handling, plus higher electricity consumption for the air fans than the water pumps. In condensers, water yields typical heat transfer coefficient many times higher than those for air. This implies that the surface of the condenser and the corresponding costs will be accordingly higher if air is used as cooling fluid rather than water. The heat exchange surface has a direct impact on the weight and size of the condenser, which are the most important economic variables defining the corresponding costs. 4.3.1.2 Surface water (once-through systems) The cooling fluid is water which is transported to the ORC power plant through pipes from a river, a lake or the sea. The temperature of the cooling water in this case varies in proportion to season’s temperature. It can be 10°C-25°C. This is why surface water yields the lowest condensing pressure and temperature. As far as it concerns the plant’s cost, the electricity consumption for transporting the water (pipes, pumps etc.) may not be negligible, depending on the location and distance of the water source. For heat exchange plate heat exchangers may be a tempting option due to their compact size, their mass production and easy to dismantle/mantle and clean capabilities and their high overall heat transfer coefficient, typical values of which are 10-20 kW/m2. Their main advantage is that they can yield the lowest possible condensing temperatures, and hence the maximum conversion efficiency because surface waters tends to have lower temperatures than ambient air during the summer period [62]. 67PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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