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exchangers have heat transfer capacities up to 600 kW. Plate materials are usually made of Stainless steel. Copper brazed units are available for temperatures up to 225°C and a maximum operating pressure of 3 MPa, but copper braze may produce an incompatibility with some working media. Nickel brazed units are available for temperatures up to 400°C and maximum operating pressures of 1.6 MPa. The welded plate heat exchanger: consists of a pack of pressed-plate welded together, thus this heat exchanger cannot be dismounted. This heat exchanger can be made from a wide range of metal materials, provided that they can be welded and cold-formed. Plate materials include stainless steel, high temperature steel, copper and alloys, nickel and alloys, Hastelloy and titanium. Depending on the material used, the welded-plate heat exchanger can operate at temperatures up to 900°C and, in cryogenic applications, down to -200°C. The broad application area of the welded-plate heat exchanger is: waste gas heat recovery, cryogenic applications, and heat transfer between corrosive materials. 4.1.2 Findings The selection of the most suitable technology of heat exchanger depends on the operating conditions such as operating pressures and temperatures, cost, fouling, and material compatibility. For liquid phase-change heat exchangers (boiler and condenser), if the operating pressure is limited to less than 2.5 MPa and temperature is lower than 225°C, the brazed-plate heat exchanger constitutes one of the most adequate solutions. If a higher temperature or pressure is required, a fully welded plate-heat exchanger could be the choice, depending on the design criteria. However, for liquid-gas heat exchangers (recuperators), the heat transfer coefficient of the gas side is 1/10 to 1/100 of that on the liquid side. Therefore, for a thermally balanced design to obtain an overall heat coefficient of the same magnitude on each fluid side of the heat exchanger, fins are required to increase the gas side surface area. Thus, the common heat exchangers used for liquid-to-gas heat exchanger are of the extended surface and tubular, plate-fin type. If the operating temperature and pressure could be tolerated with an aluminium plate-fin heat exchanger, then this could be used, since it represents a compact solution and an acceptable cost. Cost represents a very important factor for selecting heat exchanger type. In general plate heat exchangers have a lower total cost than other heat exchanger types when stainless steel, titanium and other highly quality materials are used. Since tubes are more expensive than extended surfaces and the heat transfer surface area density of a tubular core is generally 54PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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