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used in some cases. In geothermal systems, where the pH of brine is often highly acidic, carbon steel, with its corrosive nature, is not the right choice. In individually designed units, special corrosion analysis should be made before the material for heat exchangers is chosen. In universal power plants, in order to avoid problems with corrosion, to ensure longer service life and low operating costs, it is advised to choose a more expensive but fouling-resistant material. Nickel alloys are considered to be highly corrosion-resistant materials. However, because of their high price they are used only with very corrosive, high-temperature fluids. For heat exchangers which handle chemically aggressive geothermal fluid, stainless steel is a reasonable material selection. Stainless steels are much more resistant to uniform corrosion than carbon steel, but some of them have a high potential for pit corrosion and cracking corrosion. Plate heat exchangers are commercially available with different construction materials. Four types of plate heat exchangers exist: plate and frame, partially welded, brazed and welded plate heat exchangers. Plate heat exchangers offer high heat transfer coefficients and large surface areas with a small footprint making them the most suitable for low grade heat ORC systems. The different plausible technologies are described below [55] [56] [57] [58]. The frame and plate heat exchanger: are constructed from a number of pressed, corrugated metal plates compressed together into a frame. These plates are provided with gaskets, partly to seal the spaces between adjacent plates and partly to distribute the media between the flow channels. The most common plate material is stainless steel. The plates can be constructed from stainless steel, titanium, incoloy, and hastelloy. When there is a risk of corrosion, some companies offer heat exchangers with nonmetallic materials. The gaskets are commonly made from Nitril rubber, hypalon, viton, neoprene, and EPDM. The minimum temperature difference between the hot and cold streams could be as low as 2°C and this minimum temperature difference could be located at the inlet or the outlet of the heat exchanger depending on the configuration adopted for heat exchange (co-current or counter- current). Partially welded heat exchangers: have alternating welded channels and gasket channels. The advantage of welding the plate pairs is that, except for a small gasket around the ports, other materials are eliminated. The operating conditions are the same as the plate and frame heat exchanger, this type of heat exchanger is more used for the evaporation and the condensation of refrigerants because it limits refrigerant leaks. The brazed plate heat exchanger: consists of a pack of pressed-plate brazed together, thus completely eliminating the use of gaskets. The frame can also be eliminated. These heat 53PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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