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eliminate working fluids with high pressure at the condenser, which affects the cost of the condenser. The critical pressure and temperature limitation is imposed by the maximum operating pressure of the plate heat exchanger used for boiler design. This type of heat exchanger is used because it is the most suitable technology available on the market for ORC application. The remaining fluids shall be ranked in phase 3 depending on their thermodynamic cycle efficiency. All fluids which result in a cycle efficiency lower than 5% for 95°C waste heat source and 25°C for coolant will be rejected. The working fluids selected for illustrating the screening calculation of phase 3 are: R124, R134A, R245fa, Pentane and Butane. These fluids have not been rejected after phases 1 and 2 of the screening method and the calculation of their thermodynamic efficiency is performed using power plant performance prediction program (P5) which is the developed software under FORTRAN calling Refprop 8.0 for the calculation of the thermodynamic properties of the different working fluids. R245fa R124 R134a Butane Pentane Molar mass (kg/kmol) Triple point temperature (°C) Normal boiling point temperature (°C) Critical point temperature (°C) Critical point pressure (bar) Critical point density (kg/m3) 134.05 136.48 -102.1 -199.15 15.14 -11.963 154.01 122.28 36.51 36.243 516.08 560.0 102.03 58.122 -103.3 -138.26 -26.074 -0.49 101.06 151.98 40.593 37.96 511.9 228.0 72.149 -129.68 36.06 196.55 33.7 232.0 Figure 24 List of working fluids selected and their properties Figures 25 & 26 show cycle efficiency vs. waste heat source inlet temperature & net power output vs. waste heat source inlet temperature comparison for the 5 selected fluids. As the simulations aim at explaining the real conditions, calculations do take account of the efficiency of particular equipment, the heat loss and the impact of the pressure drop in particular heat exchangers. Figure 25 & 26 show different working fluids at subcritical state and variable waste heat source temperature, the maximum reachable system efficiencies for a heat source with an initial temperature of 85°C, which is cooled down by a coolant initially at 25°C. It can be seen, that R245fa gives favourable efficiencies and net power calculations. (Assumptions for the calculations, efficiencies (%) TSE=75, gearbox=95, generator=92, feed pump=70; pressure drop (Bar) WHS boiler=0.15, coolant condenser=0.02; heating medium as water at 10 Kg/sec; pinch point 5, & condenser temp rise 10°C) 37PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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