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Thermodynamic Environmental Safety Process related Density, Latent heat of vaporization, Liquid heat capacity, Viscosity, Thermal conductivity, Melting point temperature, Critical temperature Ozone depletion potential, Global warming potential Toxicity, Flammability Efficiency, Maximum operating pressure, Critical pressure Figure 23 Criteria list for evaluation working fluids 2.3 Screening method There are a number of practical issues mentioned above that take precedence over thermodynamic considerations. Any of these can eliminate a fluid from contention regardless of its thermodynamic merit. In the first phase, the different candidates should be compared using environmental and safety criteria. The working fluid should be rejected in phase 1 if the ODP is higher than zero or GWP > 1300 (corresponding to the GWP of R-134a, which is one of the most used refrigerants). The safety criterion leads to elimination of highly toxic working fluid such as toluene and benzene, which will be eliminated in first phase. All other working fluids should be taken as potential working fluids but special care has to be taken in the designing of the ORC system by limiting the volume of the working fluid in the system or designing an indirect system with different separate loop using heat transfer fluid to carry in and out the heat from the ORC system when the selected working fluid presents high flammability characteristics. The remaining fluids shall than be ranked on the basis of their thermodynamic properties in phase 2, the working fluids should be rejected if they do not fulfil important criteria’s like, working fluid with a critical temperature higher than 80°C, triple point lower than 0.1°C. Working fluids with saturation pressure at the condensing temperature lower than or higher than a particular limit (which is limited by the mechanical stresses which could be withstand by the condenser technology) should be eliminated so as to limit the risk of air infiltration or to 36PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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