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2.2 Desired properties There are numerous properties that should be considered for the design and selection of working fluids for ORC processes. Important factors of the working fluids needed to be considered are listed below [3] [6] [9] [12] [14] [15] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52]: Ozone depletion potential: The ozone depletion potential is an index that determines the relative ability of chemical substances to destroy ozone molecules in the stratosphere hence working fluids with low or zero ozone depletion potential are required. Global warming potential: The global warming potential is an index that determines the potential contribution of a chemical substance to global warming. Hence, the refrigerant should have low environmental impact and greenhouse warming potential. Toxicity of working fluid: All organic fluids are inevitably toxic. A working fluid with a low toxicity should be used to protect the personnel from the threat of contamination in case of fluid leakage. Hence, the determination of the toxicity of the designed working fluids is important for human safety reasons. Availability and cost: Traditional refrigerants used in ORC’s are expensive. This cost could be reduced by a more massive production of those refrigerants, or by the use of low cost hydrocarbons. The fluid selected has to be commercially available from several suppliers at an acceptable cost. Vapour curve: The preferred characteristic for low temperature ORC is the isentropic saturation vapour curve, since the purpose of the ORC focuses on the recovery of low grade heat power, a superheated approach like the traditional Rankine cycle is not appropriate. In the case of a positive slope saturation curve, the fluid has to be cooled down at the exhaust of the expander before entering the two phase state. If economical this can be done by the use of a regenerator between the exhaust of the pump and the exhaust of the expander. Density: This parameter is of key importance, especially for fluids showing a very low condensing pressure. The density of the working fluid must be high either in the liquid or vapour phase. High liquid or vapour density results to increased mass flow rate and equipment of reduced size. Chemical stability: Under a high pressure and temperature, organic fluids tend to decompose, resulting in material corrosion and possible detonation and ignition. Thermal stability at elevated temperature is thus a principle consideration in working fluid selection. 33PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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