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twin screw expander that worked well, and the isentropic efficiency obtained in their studies reached values higher than 70%. This was based on the use of new rotor profiles that was made possible by progress in manufacturing and advanced computer simulation of the expansion process. This followed from earlier studies that analysed screw machines working as compressors [42] [43]. These machines have the advantage of not requiring oil flooding while maintaining direct rotor contact. This also, minimises the internal leakage due to clearance between the screws and the casing. As new working fluids are tried to increase overall heat engine efficiency, so too are new ways to exploit their benefits through new expander designs. In the range of power output from 1 to 10 kW, scroll expanders represent the best solution by their operating performance and reliability. On the other hand, the rotary vane expander can be another option when the required power output is lower than 2 kW. The screw expander has the capability of delivering high power outputs above 20 kW. The oil-free twin screw expander appears to be the most promising concept among the assessed technologies, regarding its reliability and acceptable expansion ratio. Such a machine requires some modification to change its mode of operation from compression to expansion mode. 1.12 Existing Applications After a thorough search, few key companies were reviewed that use ORC technology in their products. Some of these companies specifically target waste heat from diesel engines while others were broader in their application. The companies reviewed were UTC Power, Turboden, Ormat, Barber-Nichols, Global Energy & ElectraTherm [3] [44] [45] [46] [47]. Honeywell: Manufactures an ORC working fluid called Genetron 245fa (1,1,1,3,3- pentafluoropropane), a nonflammable liquid with a boiling point slightly below room temperature at standard one atmosphere air pressure. It is not considered a volatile organic compound, has zero ozone depletion and global warming potential, and is environmentally safe. It has better heat transfer characteristics than standard HFCs. Genetron 245fa is a good choice for waste heat recovery from low-pressure steam systems. UTC Power: A United Technologies Co., has developed the Pure Cycle power system utilizing ORC technology. The PureCycle power system is an electric power generating system which runs off any hot water resource at temperatures as low as 90°C. The hot water can be derived from a geothermal source or other waste heat source. Currently this ORC unit is sized at 280 kW (gross) of electrical power. One of these is commercially running at Chena. 28PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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