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1.11.1 Rotary vane expanders Badr et al. [36] carried out a research program on these machines. The results of the program have shown that the maximum isentropic efficiency that can be achieved is up to 73% at rotational speed of 3000 rpm. The power produced by the vane expander was up to 1.8 kW with R-113 as working fluid. The inlet temperature and pressure of the tested vane expander were approximately 125°C and 625 kPa. The pressure ratio achieved was 2.79. The major problem encountered when using a rotary vane expander was the achievement of adequate lubrication of the internal rubbing surfaces. The presence of insufficient lubricant resulted in severe damage due to wear of the components, and resulted in poor isentropic efficiencies. 1.11.2 Scroll expanders In the last decades, many researchers have evaluated the performance of scroll compressors operating in the expander mode. Yanagisawa et al. [37] investigated the use of a scroll compressor for air expansion; the volumetric and adiabatic efficiencies of the tested expander were 76% and 60% respectively with a pressure ratio of 5. A steam scroll expander was tested by Kim et al. [38]. Results show volumetric efficiency of 52.1%, the scroll expander was designed to operate at a pressure ratio of 5.67, a rotational speed of 2317 rpm, and a rated power output of 15 kW. Kane et al. [39] developed a small hybrid solar power system operating with two superposed scroll expanders. The working fluids for the tested expander were R-123 and R-134a. The first expander operating with R-123 was designed to generate 5 kW with a built in volume ratio of 2.3. The second expander operating with R-134a was designed to deliver 8 kW with the same built in volume. The expander efficiencies measured up to 68%. Lemort et al. [40] tested three different types of expanders suitable for recover Rankine cycle. The three expanders had swept volumes of 148, 98, and 60 cm3 respectively and corresponding internal built in volume ratio close to 4.1, 3.1, and 2.6. Results show that the best results were obtained from the expander having the highest built-in volume operating with steam, when the measured isentropic efficiency was 55% and the highest delivered mechanical powers achieved with the same expander was approximately 3 kW. 1.11.3 Screw expanders Helical screw machines offer the advantage of simple architecture. Steidel et al. [41] reported the performance of a Lysholm helical screw expander with an isentropic efficiency up to 32.4% with a pressure ratio of 7.1, and a mechanical shaft power output of 32.7 kW. One method for improving the efficiency of an ORC is to further improve the adiabatic efficiency of the unit used to extract power from the pressure difference of the working fluid. There had not been the progress needed to begin to achieve this until the last decade. Smith et al. [4] developed a 27PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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