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objective function to optimize the ORC using the steepest descent method. They observed that the choice of working fluid could greatly affect the power plant cost. 1.10.6 Simulation Development in simulation tools for ORC systems in both steady flow and transient regimes have seen rapid growth in the last decade. Wei et al. [26] showed two alternative approaches for the design of a dynamic model for an ORC to be used for the design of control and diagnostics systems. The model was been developed in Modelica language and simulated with Dymola. The two modeling approaches, based on moving boundary and discretization techniques, are compared in terms of accuracy, complexity and simulation speed. Simulations show that the models predict the data with an accuracy of 4%. The moving boundary model is less complex than the discretized version, as it is characterized by smaller order and higher computational speed. As a result, it is more acceptable for control design applications. Cycle-Tempo developed by TU Delft [27] is a fully graphical program, not only the system configuration can be assembled as a Process Flow Diagram and data input is made by filling property dialog boxes but also the results are available as well ordered charts, plots and tables. A further important feature is the capability of performing the exergy analysis of the system. Such analysis provides an insight into the exergy flows and losses in sub-systems, and it is a fundamental tool when looking for the optimal system configuration. The main feature of Cycle-Tempo is the calculation of all relevant mass and energy flows in the system. Additional features allows for more detailed analysis and optimization of the system. The number and type of components and sub-systems, and the way in which they are connected, may vary in each individual case. Cycle-Tempo thus leaves entirely up to the user the choice of system configuration. The program contains a large number of component and connection models that enable the user to compose almost any desired system model. In order to determine the optimum operating conditions, commercial software’s like VirtualPlant and process simulator HYSYS have been implemented to carry out thermodynamic analysis of the ORC and combined heat and power plants [28] [29]. Model results include generation capacity and heat rate, as well as mass flows and state point details. These results help facilitate evaluation of conceptual changes in operating and equipment condition parameters. These software’s can also be used to validate measured data, calculate expected component performance based upon actual operating conditions and recommend optimum set points to maximize profitability. Additionally, steady state modelling for optimizing ORC systems (SimORC) has also been developed by Labothap using Engineering Equation Solver including a library of component models that have been experimentally validated [30]. In the 25PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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