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and mixed with the working fluid before it enters the evaporator. Through turbine bleeding, the mean temperature of heat addition can be increased to increase the thermodynamic efficiency of the overall power generating cycle. However, it may be noted that the net shaft- work is reduced due to extraction of the working fluid from the turbine. 1.10.5 Optimization Hung et al. [12] analysed parametrically and compared the efficiencies of ORCs using cryogens such as benzene, ammonia, R11, R12, R134a and R113 as working fluids. The results showed that for operation between isobaric curves, the system efficiency increased for wet fluids and decreased for dry fluids while the isentropic fluid achieved an approximately constant value for high turbine inlet temperatures. Isentropic fluids were most suitable for recovering low temperature waste heat. Even though they compared the ORC performance with different working fluids and found a suitable working fluid that gave the best ORC performance, they did not evaluate the performance under the optimization condition. It is not easy to evaluate the performance of the ORC with different working fluids under different operating parameters because different operating parameters could result in better or worse performance. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of ORCs with different working fluids under their optimization conditions. Wei et al. [23] considered the system performance analysis and optimization of an ORC system using HFC-245fa as the working fluid and analysed its thermodynamic performance under disturbances. They found that maximizing the use of exhaust heat was a good way to improve the system net power output. At high ambient temperatures, the system performance deteriorated and the net power output deviated from the nominal value by more than 30%. They usually used a conventional optimization algorithm to optimize the ORC. The disadvantage of the conventional optimization algorithm is that it is easy to converge to sub- optimal solutions in the process of searching for the optimum, especially for complicated optimization problems. Angelino et al. [24] investigated the use of working fluids such as aromatic hydrocarbons, siloxane and siloxane mixtures, straight chain hydrocarbons, and aromatic perfluorocarbons for waste heat recovery from a molten carbonate fuel cell plant. The performance of energy recovery cycles using different fluids was evaluated by means of optimization software for different operating conditions and cycle configurations. Madhawa et al. [25] presented a cost effective optimum design criterion for ORC’s utilizing low temperature geothermal heat sources. They used the ratio of the total heat exchanger area to net power output as the 24PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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