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1.10.3 Organic fluids Arguably the most crucial selection for any heat engine is the working fluid with which it operates. All other components are based on the thermodynamic and physical properties of the working fluid. This is why considerable development has gone into examining such aspects as favourable selection criteria, the properties of fluid mixtures and the predictive modelling of fluid behaviour. The selection of the working fluid is critical to achieve high-thermal efficiencies as well as optimum utilization of the available heat source. Also, the organic working fluid must be carefully selected based on safety and technical feasibility. There is a wide selection of organic fluids that could be used in ORC applications. The economics of an ORC system are strictly linked to the thermodynamic properties of the working fluid. Hung et al. [12] has shown that the efficiency of the ORC depends on two main factors: working conditions of the cycle and thermodynamic properties of the working fluids. Different working fluids have been compared (Benzene, Toluene, p-Xylene, R-113, and R-123). Among these fluids p-Xylene shows the highest efficiency while benzene shows the lowest. However, p-Xylene presents the lowest irreversibilities when recovering high temperature waste heat, while R-113 and R-123 present a better performance in recovering low-temperature waste heat. Maizza et al. [13] examined the relative thermodynamic merits of some organic refrigerants used in low temperature ORC. They modelled using source temperatures between 80°C and 100°C (and various sink temperatures). Isobutane (R600a) and HCFC-123 proved to be the most efficient. Saleh et al. [14] used alkanes, fluorinated alkanes, ether and fluorinated ethers as working fluids in ORC for geothermal power plants at high pressures up to 20 bars. They found the highest thermal efficiency was 0.13 for the high boiling substances with positive slope in subcritical processes (e.g. n-butane). Hung et al. [15] studied waste heat recovery of ORC using dry fluids. The results revealed that irreversibility depended on the type of heat source. Working fluid of the lowest irreversibility in recovering high temperature waste heat fails to perform favourably in recovering low- temperature waste heat. Larjola et al. [16] pointed out that higher power output is obtainable when the temperature of the working fluid more closely follows that of the heat source fluid to be cooled. In other words, a system has a better performance if the temperature difference between the heat source and the temperature of the working fluid in an evaporator is reduced due to its lower irreversibility. 22PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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