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1.7 ORC process compared to steam process The original working fluid for Rankine cycle engines is water, and this is still used in power plants and other high temperature applications. Water is plentiful, inexpensive, and can provide better cycle efficiencies than any other fluid. However, the low molecular weight of water requires the use of multistage expanders to obtain high cycle efficiency. A common feature of all organic working fluids used in ORC technologies is their high molecular weight and low boiling point. They also have critical temperatures and pressures far lower than water (shown in figure 12). For Rankine engines with maximum temperatures below 200°C, fluids with higher molecular weights than water can provide high cycle efficiencies in less complex and less costly single stage expanders [5]. Figure 12 Vapour curve comparison of water and organic fluids The effect of various working fluids on the thermal efficiency and on the total heat recovery efficiency has been studied by Liu et al. [6]. The study regarded fluids such as water, ammonia and ethanol inappropriate for the ORC systems using turbines. Moreover, organic fluids provide a wide range of freezing points, thermal stability, system pressure level and cost, that enable one or more fluids to be particularly useful in a given power conversion system. The best efficiency and highest power output is usually obtained by using a suitable organic fluid instead of water, this is mainly because the specific vaporization heat of organic fluids is much lower than that of water. It follows from this that since relatively more heat is required for feed heating than evaporation, the heating medium can be cooled to a significantly lower 12PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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