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The rate at which the cathode emits electrons is a time function. It controls the rate at which x-rays are generated (x-rays per second) at the target--that is, the intensity of the x-ray beam. The quantity of x-rays, or radiation exposure, is a function of mA x time interval. This is often referred to in terms of milliampere-seconds (mAs) per radiograph, and relates proportionately to roentgens or to rem in human tissue. Penetration is a sole function of kVp. The higher the kVp, the harder the beam, and the more penetrating the x-ray. When the exposure time interval (usually less than a second) has expired, a switch automatically opens to remove the high voltage from the tube electrodes. This instantly stops x-ray generation. (If the automatic timer switch malfunctions, the operator's manual Deadman Switch stops x-ray generation immediately when the operator releases finger pressure on the switch. This protects both patient and operator from overexposure.) Because the high voltage is removed from the tube electrodes, a) Electrons stop moving from cathode to anode. b) X-ray productions stops. c) The “X-Ray ON” light goes out. Figure II-1 shows the basic parts of the x-ray tube head, and their relation to each other: 1. Cathode: The negatively charged (-) side of the x-ray tube, which also includes the filament. Electrons are emitted from the cathode. 2. Filament: Wire in the cathode, which is heated to produce free electrons. 3. Focusing Device (Cup): A negatively charged deflector that directs (focuses) electrons into a beam directed at the target. 4. Anode: The positively charged (+) side of the x-ray tube. It contains the target. 5. Target: (See Definition) The part of the anode struck by the electron beam. It is usually made of tungsten, a heavy metallic element with a very high melting point to withstand the heat generated by electron bombardment. A. Lead Shielding: Outer layer of lead within the tube head to absorb stray or scattered x-rays not exiting the tube window or port. B. Vacuum: The interior of the tube. It has had all the air removed, and must remain sealed in order to function. C. Beam-Limiting Device: Also known as a "collimator", used to limit the diameter of the useful beam. D. Useful X-ray Beam: The part of the x-ray beam that goes where it is aimed, exposing the patient and the film. 16PDF Image | Radiation Machine Registration Permit Manual
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