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This section describes how x-rays are generated. Though somewhat oversimplified, the concept is accurate. These steps always occur, though in some modern equipment some of them may happen in a rapid and automatic sequence. 1. The x-ray machine's main power switch is turned ON and the "X-ray Ready" light comes ON. Ordinarily, this is done at the beginning of the workday. 2. The current is adjusted to the value called for by the technique chart, using the current (mA) adjustment control knob. This current heats the filament of the negatively charged cathode, which begins to give off electrons when it gets hot enough. Once the filament gets hot enough to begin emitting electrons (its threshold temperature), it emits them more rapidly, the hotter it gets. A higher current produces a hotter filament which in turn produces a higher rate of electron emission. At this stage, the electrons have nowhere in particular to go. Generally, they fly a short distance out into the vacuum, stay there awhile, and finally fall back into the surface of the cathode. This makes a sort of "cloud" of free electrons around the hot cathode, just waiting for something to happen. 3. The high-voltage supply is adjusted to the value prescribed by the technique chart (or by the Licensed Practitioner, in case of special radiography), using the kVp control knob. A typical value is 70,000 peak volts (70 kVp), nearly 1000 times the voltage of ordinary "house" voltage. (This voltage is lethally high; the leads are totally enclosed to protect anyone from touching them. 4. When the operator positions the patient (the object) for the radiograph, he sets the time knob to the appropriate time interval. 5. At this point, the x-ray machine is ready to be used. The electron cloud around the cathode is stabilized according to the mA setting; the high voltage has been set to the desired kVp setting; the time interval is set. NO X-RAYS ARE GENERATED YET. 6. When the operator (having taken a safe position behind a protection barrier or 12 feet from the x-ray tube presses the Remote Activator switch (Deadman Switch/ exposure button), (a) the high voltage is imposed between cathode and anode, (b) the automatic timer starts, and (c) the "X-ray ON" light comes ON. The anode, now bearing a strong positive charge, attracts the free electrons in the cloud around the cathode. The electrons fly through the vacuum to strike (and stick to) the anode, striking the target with so much energy that it emits x-rays and gets quite hot. The higher the kVp, the faster the electrons move to the anode, the harder they strike the target, and the more energetic the x-rays are--that is, the more penetrating capability they have. 15PDF Image | Radiation Machine Registration Permit Manual
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