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As anticipated, avoiding the contamination of the working fluid with air is of paramount importance in order to reduce the risk of thermal decomposition under high temperature within an oxidizing environment [35]. However, also the contamination by an inert gas has to be avoided. As a matter of fact, since typically adopted gases features speed of sound values more than 1 order of magnitude larger than those of the organic compounds of interest, even the smaller contamination can have a strong influence on the experiments results. A comprehensive series of tests have been conducted up to temperatures of 300◦C, for a dura- tion of 72 hours each. This has allowed to assess that the temperature has a negligible influence on the sealing properties of the equipment. The tightness of the FAST setup has been characterized as follows, in terms of the average leakage rate LR = ∆p V ∆t−1 [47], where V is the volume of the whole setup (i.e. 0.143 m3), and ∆p is the pressure drop/rise measured after a time interval ∆t (i.e. 259,200 s for all the tests). - Low p ( 3 mbar abs.): LR < 5E−4 mbar l s−1 (air into the system) - High p ( 6000 mbar abs.): LR < 5E−2 mbar l s−1 (He to the ambient) These figures are deemed satisfactory. This is particularly true for the results of the vacuum tests which, as explained, were intended to characterize a very critical property of the setup. These conclusions are confirmed by the fact that periodical gas-chromatography analysis performed on working fluid samples to investigate possible decomposition have not unveiled any molecular mod- ification. 7.5.2 Valve Opening Sequence The opening sequence follows a strict pattern: as soon as the clamps are released, see Fig. 7.6, the spring pushes the slider away, and a small opening is created as the slider leaves the seal and the flow gets choked close to this position. This is seen in an experiment with initially 4.014 bar of N2 in the CT and vacuum in the LPP, whose results are shown in Fig. 7.7. The small pressure drop of approx. 20 mbar in the signal indicates the initial choking (1). As the slider moves further, the position where the cross-section of the flow is the smallest is changed to a section between the slider and the inner body. This is seen as a second small drop in pressure of approx. 20 mbar (2). Only as the slider passes over the venting hole of the inner body, does the designated nozzle get choked. This corresponds to the large pressure drop in the signal down to approx 2.9 bar (3). The opening time of the fast opening valve, i.e. tFOV, can be estimated by using the method of characteristics. Fig. 7.8 shows a schematic picture of an instantaneous (left) and non-instantaneous (right) opening. In the ideal case of instantaneous valve opening, all characteristics overlap in a single point. In the real case, where the opening is non-instantaneous, tFOV is finite and the last characteristic starts traveling at a later time instant. Since the seal of the FOV is downstream of the nozzle, the characteristics travel through the nozzle. The nozzle accelerates the fluid, such that the propagation speed in the nozzle is significantly lower than in the rest of the charge tube, with the consequence that the later characteristics are curved in this section [48]. The opening time can be estimated by mapping the pressure signals of the sensors to the posi- tion of the valve. For this mapping procedure, the slope of each characteristic has to be determined, which equals the wave propagation speed and is given by the speed of sound minus the speed of the fluid in the laboratory reference frame. As the pressure decreases due to the rarefaction, the local speed of sound decreases, and a flow is started in the opposite direction of the wave propagation, both contributing to a lower wave propagation speed. The propagation speed can be evaluated as a function of the pressure drop. The local speed of sound is evaluated by assuming the expansion is Commissioning of the FAST setup 189PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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