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Chapter 7 7.4.3 Charge Tube control In order to limit the sources of disturbance for the waves propagating inside the CT, the thermal control is conceived such that only the external wall temperature is measured through a total of 10 thermocouples distributed along the CT. The second ends of these sensors are connected to the external wall of the RT, such that the resulting signal is directly the temperature difference between the RT and the CT wall (∆TW ). This arrangement aims at exploiting the geometric RT-CT equivalence among the CT and the RT: being the temperature of the fluid in the RT accurately measured (TE2.0), if the temperature difference between the external wall of the RT and of the CT is negligible, i.e. ∆T W ≈ 0, it follows that the temperature of the fluid in the CT is equal to what RT-CT is being measured by TE2.0. In other words, it is expected that imposing on the CT wall the same temperature measured on the RT wall will result in the same conditions inside the two volumes. A PID controller modulates the power supply to each individual blanket heater on the CT, aiming at zeroing ∆T W . RT-CT 7.4.4 Low Pressure Plenum control The temperature of the vapour contained in the LPP is measured using a PT-100 sensor (TE4.0 in Fig. 7.4). A single PID controller modulates the power supply to each of the blankets covering the LPP, using the temperature as process variable. 7.4.5 Data Acquisition At each of the measurement stations a fully active four arm Wheatstone bridge absolute transducer measures the pressure at a frequency of 250 kHz with an accuracy of 0.5% of its full scale of 21 bar. The signal is amplified and connected to the synchronous data acquisition board. A PT-100 sensor measures the fluid temperature at the end of the tube (TE3.0 in Fig. 7.4, accuracy 0.1% of its 400◦ C range). 7.5 Validation This section presents the results of a series of tests aimed at quantitatively characterizing the per- formance of the FAST setup. 7.5.1 Tightness characterization In order to prevent leakage of the working fluid into the ambient, and of air into the setup, this has been designed to be leak-tight both when pressurized and under lower-than-atmospheric pressure conditions. Notably, these requirements must be satisfied within the whole operating temperature range. To this end, two complementary systems are implemented in the facility: ◦ Pressurization with inert gas, primarily allowing to check the tightness of the system by adopting common techniques (e.g., helium detectors). Furthermore, (part of) the setup can be kept pressurized (e.g. with Nitrogen) while not in use. ◦ Vacuumsystem,makingitpossibletoindependentlyvacuumdifferentsectionsofthesetup, in order to get rid of the air or of the inert gas possibly present. 188PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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