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Chapter 7 1.0 A 0.9 RSW 0.8 0.7 0.6 Two-phase region 0.5 1.0 2.0 v r S 3.0 4.0 B 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Solution at time t = t I Figure 7.3: Left: Expansion in the charge tube up to the nozzle throat in the vr-Pr plane. Right: Mach profile at time t = tI for a fully formed RSW. The entire setup is constructed out of stainless steel AISI 316Ti, and all connections are sealed using graphite gaskets, making the facility an hermetically closed system, whose schematic layout is shown in Fig. 7.4. In order to attain the desired conditions in the CT, the working fluid is heated and vaporised in the vapour generator (HFT). Once the target pressure is obtained, a valve is opened connecting the HFT with the reference tube (RT), a component used for the thermal control of the charge tube (CT), and the CT itself, where the desired super-heating is thus induced by heating the vapor. Once all temperatures have stabilized, the test can begin. The valve between the HFT and the RT is closed just before the FOV opening to avoid flashing of the liquid in the vapour generator. Most of the fluid in the CT flows to the LPP and condenser (COND) after the FOV is opened, where it condenses and is stored in the return line (RL). For the subsequent experiments, the FOV is closed again and the valve between HFT and RT is opened in order to fill with vapor this last volume together with the CT. This procedure can be repeated until the liquid level in the HFT lies within acceptable limits. 7.3.2 Vapour Generator The vapour generator, or HFT, is a 5.9 liter vessel designed to bring the working fluid up to the desired thermodynamic conditions, see Fig. 7.5. During normal operation, the HFT contains a liquid-vapour mixture of the working fluid, in conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium (i.e. satu- ration). A connecting pipe leads to a burst disc that breaks at 27 bar followed by an overpressure valve as safety precaution. At the bottom of the vessel, the liquid can be extracted through a manual valve (connected to flange 1 in Fig. 7.5). The connection to the reference tube is done through flange 7, which can be closed off by similar valve. Another connection leads to the flow return pipe through flange 3, and can be closed off by a pneumatic valve. The flanged connection 8 is used to fill the HFT with liquid. Several other flanges accommodate the required instruments. A PT-100 temperature sensor is installed at flange 2 (TE1.0 in Fig. 7.4), a static pressure transducer with stain- less steel membrane at flange 5 (P1.0), and a radar liquid level meter at flange 6 (LL). The vessel 182 Rarefaction shockwave State A Nozzle throat (sonic) Isentropic expansion through the nozzle State B 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 x/L Γ=0 Isentropic expansion (nozzle) P M rPDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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