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Commissioning of the FAST setup Charge Tube PT2 PT1 FOV nozzle Low Pressure Plenum State A PT4 PT3 State B Figure 7.2: Conceptual layout of the FAST dense gas Ludwieg tube setup, representative of a time instance after the opening of the FOV separating the charge tube (CT) from the reservoir (LPP). A rarefaction shock wave (RSW) propagates into the charge tube at supersonic speed W. Past the RSW, the fluid is accelerated from rest conditions A to post-shock conditions B and flows into the reservoir through the nozzle. At the nozzle throat, sonic conditions S are attained. 7.3.1 Working Principle The working principle of the FAST setup is depicted schematically in Fig. 7.2. The Ludwieg- tube facility is composed of a high-pressure charge tube connected to a low pressure plenum. The charge tube and the reservoir are separated by a fast opening valve. The fluid is initially at rest and the temperature is kept uniform by a suitable thermal control system. The experiment starts when the FOV is opened, thus connecting the charge tube to the reservoir. Depending on the pressure, compression or rarefaction waves will propagate into the charge tube. In case of suitable initial states A (charge tube) and R (reservoir) in a BZT fluid, the rarefaction waves are expected to coalesce forming a RSW. The fluid is accelerated from rest conditions A to condition B, and thus flows into the LPP through a nozzle integrated in the FOV. The nozzle is designed to work in choked conditions in the RSW experiment, in order to prevent disturbances to propagate from the plenum into the charge tube. Fast response absolute dynamic pressure transducers are flush-mounted along the charge tube in order to measure the incident wave. A time-of-flight (TOF) method can be adopted to determine the speed of the waves travelling in the CT as discussed in Ref. [25]. The wave arrival time is measured at four consecutive stations, i.e. pressure probes PT1 − PT4 in Fig. 7.2. Since the distance between the stations is known, the wave speed can be easily calculated. This procedure can be first adopted to estimate the speed of sound in the unperturbed state, namely by inducing a weak (acoustic) disturbance propagating through the charge tube. This mea- surement is expected to be more accurate than the prediction obtained by means of the thermody- namic models available for siloxanes [19]. Stronger pressure waves can be generated in the same way (e.g., by varying the initial pressure levels in the setup) and their speed of propagation measured according to the same principle. In case a RSW is formed, its speed must be greater than the local speed of sound just determined. In other words, by measuring the difference in wave speed between to subsequent experiments, it is possible to detect if a wave is moving at supersonic speed, thus proving that it is indeed a RSW. Fig. 7.3 shows the RSW and the expansion up to the nozzle throat in the reduced volume- pressure plane, and the flow Mach number profile along the charge tube at time t = tI, i.e. the instant in which the shock is predicted to be fully formed [25]. 181 RSWPDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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