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Chapter 4 4.4.2 1. Discharge Methods VAPORGENERATIONBYFLASHEVAPORATION Internal flashing in the vessel pertains to the sliding pressure method of storage. In external flash processes the liquid is extracted from the storage tank, and thus throttled; processes featuring multiple flashing steps are also conceivable. The obtained vapour stream can be sent directly to a turbine. In case water is the working fluid, flashing systems require the adoption of so-called wet- turbines, which imply well-known technical challenges and rather low efficiency [40]. How- ever, in case the working fluid is an organic compound, the flashed saturated vapour can be directly fed to a high efficiency “dry” turbine (see Sec. 4.2, point Ic). The so-called ret- rograde characteristic of the working fluid allows also for the complete evaporation of the liquid stream by throttling (see Sec. 4.2, Ia). The phase-separator and the relative liquid- drain circuit are therefore, in principle, unnecessary. FEEDWATERSTORAGE In case of conventional thermal power stations, thermal storage upstream of the steam gen- erator is a proven solution for peak-load generation. With such a method, peak-load can be sustained to an extent limited by the amount of power to be gained by cutting-off all the regenerative bleeds, and by the overload capacity of the main turbine generator set [27]. In the case of ORC power systems, extractive regeneration is never employed, therefore the peaking potential would be due exclusively to the overload capacity. This discharge method is not applicable to solar steam power plants as the only storage sys- tem; in periods with low solar radiation, feeding the turbine only with steam can become impossible [41]. CASCADINGSTORAGE A combination of method 1 and method 2 provides more flexibility for the complete system. In case the working fluid is formed by complex molecules, a fourth discharge method can be identified, namely DIRECTLIQUIDEXPANSION The liquid extracted from the pressurized storage vessel can be directly fed to an expander. If the working fluid is a complex organic molecule, the so-called wet-to-dry expansion process becomes possible (see Sec. 4.2, Ib). Wet-to-dry expanders have been proposed and tested with promising results [40, 42]. However, since none of them has reached technological maturity, wet-to-dry expansion has not been considered in this study, despite its notable potential. Storage Systems 3. 4. 4.4.3 2. Figure 4.3 shows the main possible system configurations obtained by combining the storage meth- ods described in Sec. 4.4.1 (A, B, and C), and the discharge methods treated in Sec 4.4.2 (1, 2, and 3), see Ref. [27]. The configurations C2 and C3 are not realizable, while configuration B and C may be combined: vapor may be taken from an expansion storage vessel in addition to liquid (shown by the lines for configurations B2/C1 and B3/C1). The A1 scheme has been proposed for nuclear power plants [27], while the B2/C1 scheme for CSP plants [41]. The A3 scheme gained acceptance in the late 1920s: the displacement storage plant of the coal-fired power station in Mannheim, Germany, is well known [39]. The C1 scheme (pure sliding pressure) found wider application, mainly as a solution for buffer-storage. Within 96PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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