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4.4 system [35]. Systems implementing the direct storage of the working fluid attain the highest levels of ξturn, namely up to 95%, mainly as a consequence of the absence of any heat exchange process external to the storage vessel [27]. Direct Storage of Working Fluid in Rankine Power Stations Thermal Energy Storage for Solar Powered ORC Engines The concepts originally proposed and adopted in steam power plants are introduced here, and their extension to ORC systems is discussed. Being direct storage systems highly integrated into the power plant, both the storage concept and its discharge mode have to be considered in order to properly characterize the system. Three main storage concepts and three discharge methods have been introduced in the past [27]: these are described in §4.4.1 and §4.4.2 respectively. §4.4.3 treats their combination to form several possible storage systems, refer to figure 4.3. 4.4.1 Storage Methods The working fluid is typically stored in the liquid phase, in order to exploit its greater storage density. A STORAGE AT CONSTANT PRESSURE It entails the storage of sensible heat in liquids, usually at atmospheric pressure. Two-tank arrangements, as well as single-tank systems exploiting the thermocline effect (displacement storage) are feasible [36, 37]. Silicon oils have been already adopted as the storage fluid in these systems [38]. If the direct-storage configuration is adopted, pressurization is needed in order to prevent boiling, and an external pressurizer may be needed in this case. Hot pressurized fluid can thus be extracted from the storage vessel at constant pressure, and this is the main advantage in power generation applications. B EXPANSIONSTORAGEATALMOSTCONSTANTPRESSURE In this case liquid and vapour working fluid are stored in thermodynamic equilibrium at the saturation temperature. A “vapour cushion” is present at all times in the upper part of the storage tank. Hot saturated liquid is extracted from the bottom of the vessel, causing the vapour volume to increase. Additional vapour is produced by evaporation of a small part of the liquid volume, thus causing the pressure to decrease slightly. The drains coming back from the working fluid loop have to be collected and stored in a separate cold-storage vessel, which, being at lower temperature and pressure, is also relatively inexpensive. With respect to the displacement storage solution (A), the complications related to pressurization and thermocline promotion can be avoided and the vessel does not have to withstand severe thermal gradients during the charge-discharge phases. C SLIDINGPRESSURESTORAGE(RUTHSACCUMULATOR) In analogy with method B, liquid-vapour equilibrium is maintained in the storage vessel. In this case, however, not the liquid but the vapour forming the cushion is extracted during the discharge phase. The wide pressure swing during the discharge phase, a characteristic of this method, is a major drawback as far as power production is concerned [39]. The main advantage of this storage method is the fast reaction time, allowing for high discharge-rates of saturated steam. 95PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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