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Thermal Energy Storage for Solar Powered ORC Engines cost-effectiveness, see, e.g., Ref. [11]. ORC power plants are steadily adopted for the increasing exploitation of geothermal reservoirs, while the growth of the number of ORC power systems for the thermal conversion of biomass fuel and industrial waste heat is remarkable [12]. ORC-based CSP plants have been widely studied, and prototypes were put into operation already several years ago [13, 14]; commercial power plants went recently on-line [15], and new ones are planned or are currently under construction. To the knowledge of the author, however, no research has been published on TES systems specifically conceived to be integrated into ORC power plants. The study documented here stems from the need of a thorough investigation on thermal storage systems tailored to ORC power plants, and from the observation that the direct storage of high-temperature ORC working fluids is effective thanks to its high heat capacity and other favorable thermodynamic properties. The chapter is structured as follows: in §4.2 the organic fluids of the class of siloxanes are briefly introduced; these compounds are widely used as working media for high temperature ORC power systems. Is to be noted that the addition of storage filling materials other than the working fluids itself is not considered at this stage of the research. In §4.3 a brief overview of TES-systems integration in power stations is reported. §4.4 deals in detail with the proposed technical solutions for the direct thermal storage of working fluid, discussing their applicability to ORC systems. A case study illustrating the application of one of the proposed storage systems is treated in §4.5. §4.6 summarizes the conclusions and the foreseen developments. 4.2 Siloxanes: High-Temperature ORC Working Fluids The ORC working fluids considered in this study belong to the family of siloxanes, see table 4.1. These light silicon oils are already employed in commercial high-temperature ORC applications since they are non-toxic, environmentally friendly, low-flammable, bulk-produced and highly ther- mally stable; mixtures of siloxanes are widely employed as heat transfer fluids (HTF) in multiple fields, comprising the CSP industry [16, 17]. Multiparameter equations of state, employing the Table 4.1: Main properties of the fluids considered in this work. MW: molecular weight, Tboil: normal boiling temperature, pvap@80◦C: vapour pressure at 80 ◦C. Fluid MW [g mol−1 ] Water 18.0 D6 444.9 D4 296.6 MDM 236.5 TCR pCR ρCR Tboil pvap@80◦C [◦C] [bar] 373.9 220.64 372.7 9.61 313.3 13.32 290.9 14.15 [kg m−3] 322.4 246.8 301.3 302.9 [◦C] 100.0 245.0 175.3 152.5 [bar] 0.474 0.002 0.035 0.091 Span-Wagner functional form [18], have been recently developed for these thermodynamics models, implemented in a software library, are adopted [21, 22]. The specific thermophysical properties of the working fluids heavily affect the design of the most critical components, namely the turbine and the heat exchangers. Other fluids may be preferred for the same application, based upon multiple considerations, see e.g. Refs. [11, 23]. fluids [19, 20]. These throughout this work 91PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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