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Chapter 4 Abstract The feasibility of energy storage is of paramount importance for solar power systems, to the point that it can be the technology enabler. Regarding concentrated solar power (CSP) sys- tems, the implementation of thermal energy storage (TES) is arguably a key advantage over systems based on photovoltaic (PV) technologies. The interest for highly efficient and modular CSP plants of small to medium capacity (5 kWE–5 MWE) is growing: organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power systems stand out in terms of efficiency, reliability and cost-effectiveness in such power-range. In this chapter, a thorough investigation on thermal storage systems tailored to high-temperature ORC power plants is addressed first, stemming from the observation that the direct storage of the ORC working fluid is effective thanks to its favorable thermodynamic properties. The concept of complete flashing cycle (CFC) is then introduced as a mean of achieving an unmatched system layout simplification, while preserving conversion efficiency. This is a new variant of the Rankine cycle, originally introduced by the presented research, whereby the vapor is produced by throttling the organic working fluid from liquid to saturated vapor conditions. The presentation and discussion of a case study follows: a 100 kWE CFC system with direct thermal energy storage, coupled with state-of-the-art parabolic trough collectors. The proposed turbogenerator achieves an estimated 25% efficiency, which corresponds to a value of 18% in de- sign conditions for the complete system. With siloxanes as working fluids, the estimated values of storage density are around 10 kWhE m−3, without considering additional filling materials. ST A dynamic model, developed and for the complete system, is used to investigate the perfor- mance under extreme transient conditions. By adopting a relatively simple and robust control strat- egy, the storage system is demonstrated to be effective in decoupling the solar field and the ORC power block, which can thus be operated close to nominal conditions notwithstanding the environ- mental disturbances. The feasibility of remotely controlled operation is thus positively assessed by means of this preliminary study. 4.1 Introduction The debate over the advantages and disadvantages of various solar technologies is lively [1, 2]. Peters and colleagues compared PV- and CSP-based systems for large-scale solar power plants (> 50 MWE), and concluded that the cost and efficiency of storing energy can turn the competitiveness in favor of CSP systems [3]. Another potentially important benefit of CSP systems integrating TES, along with dispatchability, is their ability to provide grid flexibility: this feature might enable higher overall penetration of other variable-generation technologies such as those based on PV cells and wind turbines [4]. Recent studies have underlined the techno- and socio-economic opportunity of shifting toward a global energy system which is more integrated and complex than presently, and which heavily relies on distributed generation [5]. Within the same context, also small-size CSP power plants in the 100 kWE–5 MWE power range have been investigated [6, 7]. It has therefore been argued that the new development paradigm of “getting bigger by going smaller” could provide a path to viability for CSP technologies in general, through modularity and economy of production, thus overcoming the bankability issue which is negatively affecting the sector [8]. Another notable advantage of thermal CSP plants for distributed generation is the possibility of co-generating electricity and useful thermal output for maximum energy utilization and flexibility. The thermal energy discharge from the primary mover can either be used for industrial or domestic purposes on-site, or/and drive an absorption chiller for air-conditioning or process cooling [9, 10]. Among the technologies suitable for high-efficiency conversion of thermal power into electric- ity and heat in this range of capacity, ORC turbogenerators stand out in terms of reliability and 90PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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