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ORC Power Systems: History, Status, Perspectives temperature solar tower technology [22], and very high conversion efficiency at moderate peak cycle temperature is possibly attainable (approximately 50 % at 750 oC). The EFGT concept is proposed for biomass combustion or gasification [23], and for high-temperature solar conversion [24], the main challenge being the high- temperature at which the primary heat exchanger must operate. Prototypes so far achieved limited efficiency, and issues of reliability still need to be solved. Fossil-fuel fired ORC systems compete with fuel cells, micro-gas turbines, Stirling and reciprocating engines for innovative applications, like micro-cogeneration of heat and power (CHP) for apartments and houses [25]. Domestic cogeneration, that is the use of small CHP systems in place of conventional gas or diesel boilers, can be beneficial in terms of fuel utilization in countries with cold or moderate climate. Research and development of ORC technology has been receiving an ever in- creasing impulse starting from the beginning of this century, together with a rapid increase of the installed power capacity, and the number and diversity of applica- tions. This work stems from the need for a reasoned synthesis about the evolution of this technology (sec. 2.2), its state-of-the-art (sec. 2.3), and an outlook toward the future (sec. 2.4), thus providing information on both commercial applications and active research topics. 2.2 Evolution The idea of using a fluid different from water in a Rankine cycle for power con- version is rather old. As early as 1826, Thomas Howard patented the concept of an engine using ether as the working fluid [26]. Among the low-boiling pres- sure fluids, several inorganic substances were considered and tested throughout the years, with limited success. This short review is limited to Rankine engines employing organic fluids. Probably the first organic working fluid used commer- cially in Rankine cycle engines is naphtha. A patent of Franck W. Ofeldt [27] is at the basis of several ORC engines adopting a reciprocating expander fed by a naphtha vaporizer and powering launches, see Fig. 2.3a. Naphtha was used as fuel, working fluid and lubricant, allowing to avoid the cost of the specialized op- erator needed for steam engines, because of the much lower evaporation pressure in the boiler. The Gas Engine & Power Company of New York claimed in 1890 to have sold five hundred ORC engines based on the Ofeldt design [28]. Simultaneously in Europe (1888), a British inventor by the name of Alfred Yarow also developed a naphtha-based ORC engine for launches [31]. One of 19PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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