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Chapter 2 500 400 300 200 100 ORC fluid thermal stability limit Steam Mainstream ORC systems ORC-based OTEC 0 12345 10 10 10 10 10 W [kW ] e Figure 2.2: Current and future fields of application of ORC vs Steam power systems in terms of average temperature of the energy source, Tav.,source, and plant power capacity. Boundaries are indicative, and evolving in time. Adapted from Ref. [11]. therefore they are developed mainly for high-temperature solar conversion [14, 15], biomass and biogas combustion [16], and domestic micro-cogeneration [17] for a power range from 1 kWE up to several tens of kWE. The necessarily com- plex kinematic mechanisms, and the challenging high-temperature sealing re- quirements for the typically leak-prone working fluids (Helium, Hydrogen, Nitro- gen, Air) have so far hampered the reliability of the systems being developed. Or- ganic working fluids have been proposed for high-pressure/moderate-temperature Stirling engines [18], but no actual development is known to the authors. High power density, high net conversion efficiency (the world record is 31.25 % [19]) and possibly low cost, if large-series production is envisaged, are positive features of Stirling engine technology. Developments of medium-capacity CBC power plants are related to systems employing carbon dioxide2 as working fluid [20], and they have been initially proposed for next-generation nuclear power plants [21]. As previously illustrated, CO2, being a simple molecule, is arguably unsuitable for the design of low power output expanders. The development of medium-capacity (10 − 50 MWE) super- critical CO2 CBC power plants is now actively pursued in combination with high- 2Note that Carbon Dioxide is an organic compound, as it contains carbon, therefore systems based on supercritical CO2 thermodynamic cycles entailing working fluid condensation, as it is the case in some proposed configurations, qualify as supercritical Organic Rankine Cycle systems. 18 T AV o source[ C] Micro-ORC CHP systemsPDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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